Indexed OCR Text

Appendix I
887
Glossary
or ignoring them completely or twisting the meanings or
giving resemblance to any of the created things; e.g. Allâh
is present over His Throne as mentioned in the Qur'an.
(V.20: 5): "The Most Gracious (i.e. Allâh) rose over
(Istawa) the (Mighty) Throne" over the seventh heaven;
and He comes down over the first (nearest) heaven (to us)
during the last third part of every night and also during the
day of 'Arafah (Hajj, i.e. 9th Dhul-Hijjah) as mentioned by
the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم , but He is with us by His
Knowledge, not by His Personal Self (Bi-Dhâtihi), "There
is nothing like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearer, the All-
Seer." (The Qur'an, V. 42:11).
This Noble Verse proves the quality of hearing and the
quality of sight for Allâh without likening it (or giving
resemblance) to others; and likewise He also says:
"To one whom I have created with Both My Hands," (V.
38:75); and He also says:
"The Hand of Allah is over their hands.": (V. 48:10, the
Qur'ân). This confirms two Hands for Allâh, but there is no
similarity for them.
This is the Faith of all true believers, and was the Faith of
all the Prophets of Allâh from Nuh (Noah), Ibrahim
(Abraham), Mûsâ (Moses) and 'Îsâ (Jesus) till the last of
the Prophets, Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم .It is not like as
some people think that Allâh is present everywhere, here,
there and even inside the breasts of men.
These three aspects of Tauhid are included in the meanings
of Lâ ilâha illallâh (none has the right to be worshipped but
Allâh).
It is also essential to follow Allah's Messenger Muhammad
-Wajub Al-Ittiba' and it is a part of Tauhid-al: صلى الله عليه وسلم
Uluhiyyah. This is included in the meaning: "I testify that
Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of Allah" and this
means, "None has the right to be followed after Allâh's
." صلى الله عليه وسلم Book (the Qur'an), but Allah's Messenger
[See the Qur'an (V. 59:7) and (V. 3:31)].
Tawâf
.The circumambulation of the Ka'bah (الطواف) :
Tawaf-al-Ifadah :(طواف الإفاضة) The circumambulation of the Ka bah by the
pilgrims after they come from Mina on the tenth day of

Appendix I
888
Glossary
Dhul-Hijjah. This Tawaf is one of the essential ceremonies
(Rukn) of the Hajj.
Tawaf-ul-Wada" :(طواف الوداع) The Tawaf made before leaving Makkah after
performing Hajj or 'Umrah.
Tayammum
: (dl) To put or strike lightly the hands over clean earth
and then pass the palm of each on the back of the other,
blow off the dust and then pass them on the face. This is
performed instead of ablution (Wudû') and Ghusl (in case
of Janaba).
Thaniyat-al-
Wadâ‘
:
.A place near Al-Madinah (ثنية الوداع)
Ath-Thalâthah
: (¿)I) The three compilers of Ahadîth - Abû Dawud,
Nasâ'i, Tirmidhi.
Tharîd
: (JJI) A kind of meal, prepared from meat and bread.
Thaur
: (JI) A well-known mountain in Al-Madînah.
Tulaqâ'
: (.LäLJI) Those persons who had embraced Islam on the day
of the conquest of Makkah.
Túr
.A mountain (الطور) :
Uhud
: (i) A well-known mountain in Al-Madinah. One of the
great battles in the Islamic history took place at its foot.
This battle is called Ghazwah Uhud.
‘Umrah
: (8) JI) A visit to Makkah during which one performs the
Tawaf around the Ka'bah and the Sa'y between As-Safa
and Al-Marwah. It is also called 'lesser Hajj'. (See Sahih
Al-Bukhari, Vol. 3, Page 1).
.The tree which produces Maghafir (العرفط) :
'Urfut
'Ushr
: (-4JI) One-tenth of the yield of land to be levied for public
assistance (Zakât). (See Sahîh Al-Bukhari, Vol. 2, Hadîth
No. 560).
Wahy
: (>JI) The Revelation or Inspiration of Allâh to His
Prophets.
Waihaka
'.May Allah be Merciful to you' (ويحك) :
Wailaka
'!Woe upon you' (ويلك):
Walâ'
: (.y, JI) Al-Walâ' is a right to inherit the property of a freed
slave to the person who has freed him. Ahadîth has made it
clear that Walâ' is a part like a lineage. It cannot be sold or

Appendix I
889
Glossary
gifted, so selling it or offering it as a gift is prohibited.
Walî
: (3) JI) (Plural Auliyâ') Protector, guardian, supporter,
helper, friend.
Walîmah
.The marriage feast (الوليمة) :
Waqf
.Religious endowment (الوقف) :
Wars
.A kind of shrub used for colouring yellow (الورس) :
Wasâyâ
(الوصية Wills or testaments. (Singular: Wasiyyah (الوصايا) :
Al-Wâsil
: (JolyI) One who keeps good relations with his kith and kin.
Wasilah
The means of approach or achieving closeness to (الوسيلة) :
Allâh by getting His favours.
Wasq
Plural: Awsaq or Awsuq) A measure equal to 60 Sa) (الوسق) :
= 135 kg. approx. It may be less or more.
Wisâl
: (JL_ogI) Observing Saum (fast) for more than one day
continuously.
Witr
: (JJI) An odd number of Rak'at with which one finishes
one's Salât (prayers) at night after the night prayer or the
Ishâ prayer.
Wudû'
Ablution, which is washing the face and the hands (الوضوء) :
up to the elbows, wiping the head and ears with wet fingers,
and washing the feet up to ankles for the purpose of
offering prayers or doing circumambulation round the
Ka‘bah.
Yalamlam
: (l) The Miqat of the people of Yemen.
Yaqîn
.Perfect absolute Faith (اليقين) :
Yarmûk
.A place in Sham (اليرموك):
Yathrib
.One of the names of Al-Madinah (يثرب) :
Yaum An-Nafr
The 12th or 13th of Dhul-Hijjah when the pilgrims (يوم النفر):
leave Mina after performing all the ceremonies of Hajj at
'Arafat, Al-Muzdalifah and Mina.
Yaum An-Nahr
,The day of slaughtering the sacrificial animals (يوم النحر):
i.e., the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah.
Yaum Ar-Ru'us :(يوم الرؤوس) Meaning 'day of heads'. It is the name of the
day following the 'Id day ('Îd-al-Adha).
Yaum At-
Tarwiyah
,The eighth day of the month of Dhul-Hijjah (يوم التروية) :
when the pilgrims leave Makkah for Mina.

Appendix I
890
Glossary
Zakât
: (BLS;JI) A certain fixed proportion of the wealth and of every
kind of the property liable to Zakat of a Muslim to be paid
yearly for the benefit of the poor in the Muslim community.
The payment of Zakat is obligatory as it is one of the five
pillars of Islam. Zakat is the major economic means for
establishing social justice and leading the Muslim society to
prosperity and security ..
Zakât-ul-Fitr
An obligatory Sadaqa to be given by Muslims (زكاة الفطر):
before the prayer of 'Id-al-Fitr (See Sahih Al-Bukhari, Vol.
2, The Book of Zakat-al-Fitr, Page No. 339).
Zamzam
: (jj) The sacred well inside the Haram (the grand mosque)
at Makkah.
Zanâdiqah
.Atheists (الزنادقة) :
Zarnab
.A kind of good smelling grass (زرنب) :
Zuhr
: (4kJl) Noon, mid-day Salât (prayer) is called Zuhr prayer.
THE END OF GLOSSARY

Appendix II
891
APPENDIX II
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
WHY ALLAH SENT PROPHETS AND MESSENGERS ,JuJI MAle ?
Ever since people innovated the dogma of Shirk, (i.e. joining others in worship
along with Allâh) Allah had been sending Prophets and Messengers to his devotees
in order to invite them to the worship of Allah and Allah Alone, to order them not
to ascribe partners unto Him and bring them out of the darkness of polytheism into
the light of Monotheism. All the Prophets preached Tauhid (i.e. Monotheism, the
Belief in the Oneness of Allah, the Glorious, the Elevated. The following verses
from the Noble Quran illustrate this fact :
"Indeed We sent Nuh (Noah) to his people, and he said : 'O my people !
Worship Allâh ! You have no other Ilâh (God) but Him.(La illaha illallah, none
has the right to be worshipped but Allah). Certainly, I fear for you the torment of a
great Day ! “ (V. 7:59).
"And to 'Ad (people, We sent) their brother Hud. He said : 'O my people !
Worship Allâh ! You have no other Ilâh (God) but Him. (La illaha illallah, none
has the right to be worshipped but Allâh). Will you not fear (Allâh) ? " (V.7:65).
And to (the people of) Madyan, (We sent) their brother Shu'aib. He said: O
my people ! Worship Allâh you have no other Ilâh (God) but Him. (La illaha
illallah, none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh). Verily, a clear proof (sign)
from your Lord has come unto you, so give full measure and full weight and wrong
not men in their things, and do not make mischief on the earth after it has been set
in order, that will be better for you, if you are believers." (V.7:85)
"And to Thamud (people, We sent) their brother Salih. He said: `O my people!
Worship Allâh ! You have no other Ilâh (God) but Him. (La illaha illallah, none
has the right to be worshipped but Allâh)." (V.7:73)
"And verily, We have sent among every Ummah (community, nation) a
Messenger (proclaiming) : Worship Allah (Alone) and avoid (or keep away from)
Tâghût (all false deities i.e. do not worship Tâghût besides Allâh)." (V. 16:36)
Every Prophet was sent unto his own nation for their guidance, but the message of
Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم was general for all mankind and jinn. As in
: (صلى الله عليه وسلم Surat al A raf (Allah addresses His Messenger
"Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) :O mankind : Verily, I am sent to you all
as the messenger of Allâh.' " (V.7:158).
So the aim of sending these Prophets and Mesengers to men and jinn was only
that they should worship Allah Alone as Allah Jus said :
"And I (Allâh) created not the jinn and men except they should worship Me
(Alone) " (V.51:56).
And to worship Allah means to obey Him and to do all He has ordained,-and
to fear Him by abstaining from all He has forbidden.
Then those who will obey Allah will be rewarded in Paradise, those who will
disobey Him will be punished in Hell-fire
[1]
Tâghût : See Glossary.

Tauhid (Islamic Monothesim)
892
Appendix II
TAUHÎD - (ISLAMIC MONOTHEISM)
Tauhid (Islamic Monotheism) has three aspects:
(A) Oneness of the Lordship of Allâh; Tauhid-ar-Rububiyyah: To believe
that there is only one Lord for all the universe, Who is its Creator, Organizer,
Planner, Sustainer, and the Giver of security, etc., and that is Allâh.
(B) Oneness of the Worship of Allâh; Tauhid-al-Uluhiyyah: To believe that
none has the right to be worshipped (e.g. praying, invoking, asking for help from
the unseen, swearing, offering sacrifice, giving charity, fasting, pilgrimage) but
Allâh.
(C) Oneness of the Names and the Qualities of Allâh: Tauhid-al-Asmâ' was-
Sifât: To believe that:
(i)
We must not name or qualify Allah except with what He or His
Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم has named or qualified Him;
(ii)
None can be named or qualified with the Names or Qualifications of
Allâh; e.g. Al-Karîm;
(iii) We must believe in all the qualities of Allâh which Allâh has stated
in His Book (the Qur'an) or mentioned through His Messenger
(Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) without changing their meaning or
ignoring them completely or twisting the meanings or likening them
(giving resemblance) to any of the created things e.g. Allâh is
present over His Throne as mentioned in the Qur'an (V. 20:5) :-
"The Most Gracious (Allâh) rose over (Istawa) the (Mighty) Throne (in a
manner that suits His Majesty)," over the seventh heaven; and He comes
down over the first (nearest) heaven to us on the day of 'Arafah (Hajj, i.e.
the 9th of Dhul-Hijja), and also during the last third part of the night as
mentioned by the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم ,but He is with us by His
Knowledge, not by His Personal-Self (bi-Dhâtihi).
(It is not as some people think that Allâh is present everywhere - here,
there and even inside the breasts of men).
Also Allâh says:
"There is nothing like unto Him and He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer"
(V.42:11).
This holy Verse proves the quality of hearing and the quality of sight for
Allâh without likening them (or giving resemblance) to any of the created
things) and likewise He عز وجل also says:
"To one whom I have created with Both My Hands," (V.38:75);
and He also says:
"The Hand of Allah is over their hands." (V.48:10).
This confirms two Hands for Allah, but there is no similarity for them.
This is the belief of all true believers, and was the belief of all the
Prophets of Allâh, from Nûh (Noah), Ibrahim (Abraham), Mûsâ (Moses)
.صلى الله عليه وسلم and 'isa (Jesus) till the last of the Prophets, Muhammad
These three aspects of Tauhid are included in the meaning of Lâ ilâha illallah
(none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh).
: صلى اللّه عليه وسلم It is also essential to follow Allah's Messenger, Muhammad
Wujub al-Ittibâ' and it is a part of Tauhid-al-Uluhiyyah.

Appendix II
893
Tauhid (Islamic Monothesim)
This is included in the meaning, "I testify that Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is
Allâh's Messenger," and this means, "None has the right to be followed after
." صلى الله عليه وسلم ;Allah's Book (the Qur'an), but Allah's Messenger
Allâh says:
"And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad صلى اللّه عليه وسلم) gives you,
take it, and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain (from it)." (V.59:7)
And also Allâh says:
"Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم to mankind), 'If you (really) love Allah
then follow me [i.e. accept Islamic Monotheism, follow the Qur'an and the
Sunnah (legal ways of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم)], Allah will love you and
forgive you of your sins.'" (V.3:31)

Appendix II
894
Shahada
SHAHADA - CONFESSION OF A MUSLIM
لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
Lâ ilâha illallâh, Muhammad-ur- Rasûl-Allâh
(None has the right to be worshipped but Allâh,
and Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of Allah).
It has been noticed that most mankind, who embrace Islam, do not understand
the reality of the meaning of the first fundamental principle of Islam, i.e. Lâ
ilâha illallâh, Muhammad-ur-Rasûl-Allâh (none has the right to be worshipped
but Allah, and Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of Allah). So I
consider it essential to explain something of the meanings of this great sentence
(principle) in some detail:
لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
Lâ ilâha illallâh, Muhammad-ur- Rasûl-Allâh
"None has the right to be worshipped but Allah ... and Muhammad .
dwg quale at is the Messenger of Allah" has three aspects: a,b and c.
a. It is that, you have to pledge a covenant with (Allâh), the Creator of the
heavens and earth, the Ruler of all that exists, the Lord of Majesty and
Highness, on four points (or conditions):
Point I: A confession with your heart that the Creator (of everything) is
Allâh; it is that you have to say: "I testify that the Creator of all the universe
including the stars, the planets, the sun, the moon, the heavens, the earth with all
its known and unknown forms of life, is Allâh. He is the Organizer and Planner
of all its affairs. It is He Who gives life and death, and He (i.e. Allâh Alone) is
the Sustainer, and the Giver of security." And this is called (your confession for
the) "Oneness of the Lordship of Allâh," - Tauhid-ar-Rubûbiyyâh.
Point II: A confession with your heart that: "I testify that none has the right
to be worshipped but Allâh Alone." The word "worship" (i.e. 'Ibâdah) carries a
great number of meanings in the Islamic terminology: it conveys that all kinds
of worship are meant for Allâh Alone (and none else, whether it be an angel,
Messenger, Prophet 'Îsâ (Jesus) - son of Maryam (Mary), 'Uzair (Ezra),
Muhammad, saint, idol, the sun, the moon and all other kinds of false deities.)
So pray to none but Allâh, invoke none but Allâh, ask for help from none
(unseen) but Allâh, swear by none but Allâh, offer an animal as sacrifice to
none but Allâh, ... etc, and that means, - all that Allâh and His Messenger
Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم order you to do, (in the Qur'an and in the Sunna
(legal ways of Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) you must do, and all that
Allah and His Messenger Muhammad صلى اللّه عليه وسلم forbid you, you must not
do. And this is called (your confession for the) "Oneness of the worship of
Allâh," - Tauhid-al-Uluhiyyah. And that you (mankind) worship none but
Allâh.
Point III: A confession with your heart that: "O Allah! I testify that all the
best of names and the most perfect qualities with which You have named or
qualified Yourself in Your Book (i.e. the Qur'an) or as Your Prophet
Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم has named or qualified You, with his statement, I
believe that all those (names and qualities) are for You without changing their
meanings or neglecting them completely or likening them (giving resemblance)
to others." As Allâh says:

Appendix II
895
Shahada
"There is nothing like unto Him and He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer."
(V. 42:11).
This holy Verse confirms the quality of hearing and the quality of sight for
Allâh without likening them (giving resemblance) to others, and He also says:
"To one whom I have created with Both My Hands," (V.38:75)
and He also says:
"The Hand of Allah is over their hands." (V.48:10)
This confirms two Hands for Allah, but there is no similarity for them. Similarly
Allâh says:
"The Most Gracious (Allâh) rose over (Istawa) the (Mighty) Throne (in
a manner that suits His Majesty)." (V.20:5).
So He rose over the Throne really in a manner that suits His Majesty. And
Allâh is over His Throne over the seventh heaven, as the slave-girl pointed
(صلى الله عليه وسلم towards the heavens, when Allah's Messenger (Muhammad
asked her as to where Allâh is. He comes down over the first (nearest) heaven to
us during the last third part of every night and also on the day of 'Arafah (Hajj,
i.e. the 9th of Dhul-Hijja), as mentioned by the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم , but He
is with us by His Knowledge, not by His Personal-Self (bi-Dhâtihi). It is not, as
some people say that Allâh is present everywhere - here, there, and even
inside the breasts of men. He sees and hears all that we do or utter. And this is
called (your confession for the) "Oneness of the Names and Qualities of Allâh"
Tauhid-al-Asma' was-Sifat and this is the right belief, the belief which was
followed by the Messengers of Allâh [from Nûh (Noah), Ibrahim (Abraham),
Mûsâ (Moses), Dâwûd (David), Sulaimân (Solomon), ‘Îsâ (Jesus) to
صلى اللّه and the Companions of Prophet Muhammad عليهم الصلاة والسلام Muhammad
. عليهم السلام and the righteous followers of these Messengers [ عليه وسلم
Point IV: A confession with your heart: "O Allah! I testify that Muhammad
is Your Messenger." That means that none has the right to be صلى اللّه عليه وسلم
followed after Allah, but the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم as he is the last
of His Messengers. As Allâh says:
"Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم) is not the father of any man among you,
but he is the Messenger of Allah and the last (end) of the Prophets. And
Allâh is Ever All-Aware of everything." (V.33:40).
"And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) gives you,
take it and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it,"(V.59:7).
And Allâh says:
"Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم to mankind): 'If you (really) love
Allâh, then follow me (i.e. accept Islamic Monothesim, follow The
Qur'ân and The Sunnah).'" (V.3:31)
As for others than Muhammad وصلى الله عليه وسلم their statements are to be
taken or rejected as to whether these are in accordance with Allâh's Book (i.e.
the Qur'an) and with the Sunnah (legal ways, orders, acts of worship,
statements) of the Prophet صلى اللّه عليه وسلم or not. As the Divine revelation has
stopped after the death of Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم and it will not
resume except at the time of the Descent of 'Îsa (Jesus) - son of Maryam
(Mary) and he (i.e. Jesus) will rule with justice according to the Islamic laws,
during the last days of the world as it has been mentioned in the authentic

Appendix II
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Shahada
Hadith (i.e. narration of Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم).(Sahih-Al-
Bukhari, Vol. 3, Hadîth No. 425).
B. It is essential to utter: Lâ ilâha illallâh, Muhammad-ur-Rasûl Allâh (none
has the right to be worshipped but Allah, and Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the
Messenger of Allâh.) As it has come in the statement of the Prophet Muhammad
,to his uncle Abu Talib at the time of the latter's death: "O uncle صلى الله عليه وسلم
if you utter it (Lâ ilâh illallah, Muhammad-ur-Rasûl Allâh, none has the right to
be worshipped but Allah, and Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of
Allâh), then I shall be able to argue on your behalf before Allâh, on the Day of
Resurrection." Similarly, when Abû Dharr Al-ghifarî embraced Islam, he went
to Al-Masjid-al-Harâm and he proclaimed it loudly in front of the Quraish
infidels until he was beaten severely.
C. It is essential that the limbs and all the other parts and organs of one's
body testify to it, and this is very important as regards its meaning (i.e., the
meaning of Lâ ilâha illallâh Muhammad Rasul Allâh - none has the right to
be worshipped but Allah, and Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of
Allâh). So whoever has confessed this (to his Lord), he shall not commit sins
like robbing, killing, stealing, illegal sexual intercourse, eating pig meat,
drinking alcoholic beverages, taking undue advantage of orphan's property,
cheating in trade, bribery and earning money through illegal means, telling lies,
backbiting or otherwise the limbs and all the other parts and organs of his body
will testify against him that he was a liar in his words which he pledged to
Allâh. In case he commits the above sins, he should know that it is a sin that
obliges him to repent to Allâh, and ask His Forgiveness, as (his) body parts (i.e.
skin, private parts, hands, tongue, ears)will testify to the above mentioned
crimes (i.e. actions) against himself on the Day of Resurrection.
And with the confession of this great sentence (i.e. principle) a person enters
in the fold of the Islamic religion accordingly, it is essential for him to believe
in all the Messengers of Allâh and not to differentiate between them. As it is
mentioned in His Book. Allâh says:
"Do then those who disbelieve think that they can take My slaves [i.e.
the angels; Allâh's Messengers; 'Îsâ (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary)] as
Auliyâ' (lords, gods, protectors) besides Me? Verily, We have prepared
Hell as an entertainment for the disbelievers (in the Oneness of Allâh -
Islamic Monotheism).
"Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم ):'Shall We tell you the greatest
losers in respect of (their) deeds?' "Those whose efforts have been
wasted in this life, while they thought they were acquiring good by their
deeds! "They are those who deny the Ayât (proofs, evidences, verses,
lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of their Lord and the Meeting with Him
(in the Hereafter). So their works are in vain, and on the Day of
Resurrection, We shall not give them any weight. "That shall be their
recompense, Hell; because they disbelieved and took My Ayat (proofs,
evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.) and My Messengers by way
of jest and mockery. "Verily! Those who believe (in the Oneness of
Allâh - Islamic Monotheism), and do righteous deeds, shall have the
Gardens of Al-Firdaus (Paradise) for their entertainment. Wherein they

Appendix II
897
Shahada
shall dwell (forever). No desire will they have to be removed therefrom.
"Say (O Muhammad صلى اللّه عليه وسلم to mankind): If the sea were ink for
(writing) the Words of my Lord, surely the sea would be exhausted,
before the Words of my Lord would be finished even if we brought
(another sea) like it for its aid "Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم):I am
only a man like you, it has been revealed to me that your Ilâh (God) is
One Ilâh (God, - i.e. Allah). So whoever hopes for the Meeting with
his Lord, let him work righteousness and associate none as a partner in
the worship of his Lord." (V. 18:102-110).
This introduction is necessary for anyone who wishes to embrace Islam.
After this confession he ( or she) should take a bath (i.e. Ghus!) and then offer a
two Rak 'at prayer, and act upon the five principles of Islam, as narrated by Ibn
'Umar de al gò, in the Book, Sahih Al-Bukhari, Vol. 1 Hadîth No.7 :-
Narrated Ibn 'Umar رضى الله عنه :Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
Islam is based on the following five (principles):
1. To testify Lâ ilâha illallâh wa anna Muhammad-ur-Rasul-Allâh (none has
the right to be worshipped but Allâh and that Muhammad is The Messenger
of Allâh ).
2. To perform (lqâmat) As-Salât (11.
3. To pay Zakât 121.
4. To perform Hajj (i.e. pilgrimage to Makkah).
5. To observe Saum (fast) during the month of Ramadân.
and must believe in the six articles of Faith, i.e. to believe in:
(1) Allâh, (2) His angels, (3) His Messengers, (4) His revealed Books, (5) the
Day of Resurrection,and (6) Al-Qadar (Divine Preordainments i.e. whatever
Allâh has ordained must come to pass)
IMPORTANT NOTE :-
The acceptance of the righteous deeds depends on the following two basic
conditions which must be fulfilled:
(1) The intentions while doing such deeds must be totally for Allâh's sake
only without any show off or gaining praise or fame, etc.
(2) Such a deed must be performed in accordance with the Sunnah (legal
ways, orders, acts of worship. statements) of Allâh's Messenger Muhammad bin
'Abdullah, the last (end) of all the Prophets and the Messengers ,>JI podle .
[1] See the Glossary.
[2] See the Glossary.

Appendix II
898
Shirk and Kufr
Ash- Shirk and Al-Kufr
POLYTHEISM AND DISBELIEF
Salvation of all mankind from the greatest sin against Allâh
It is essential to mention here some details of the greatest sin which
will not be forgiven by Allâh. This unpardonable sin is Shirk
Shirk implies ascribing partners to Allâh or ascribing divine attributes to
others besides Allâh and believing that the source of power, harm and blessings
comes from others besides Allâh.
Almighty Allâh says:
"Verily, Allâh forgives not that partners should be ascribed to Him in
worship, but He forgives except that (anything else) to whom He
pleases; and whoever ascribes partners to Allâh in worship, has indeed
invented a tremendous sin."(V. 4:48).
Almighty Allâh says:
"Then when the Trumpet is blown, there will be no kinship among them
on that Day, nor will they ask of one another.
"Then those whose scales (of good deeds) are heavy, - these! they are
the successful.
"And those whose scales (of good deeds) are light, - they are those
who lose their ownselves; in Hell will they abide."
"The Fire will burn their faces, and they will grin with displaced lips
(disfigured)."
"(It will be said) 'Were not My Verses (this Qur'an) recited to you and
then you used to deny them?'
"They will say: 'Our Lord! Our wretchedness overcame us and we were
an erring people.
"Our Lord! Bring us out of this; if ever we return (to evil) then indeed
we shall be Zâlimun (polytheists, oppressors, unjust, and wrongdoers).'
"He (Allâh) will say: 'Remain you in it with ignominy! And speak you
not to Me!' (V. 23:101-108).
"And whoever invokes (or worships) besides Allâh, any other îlâh (god),
of whom he has no proof, then his reckoning is only with his Lord.
Surely! Al-Kafirûn (disbelievers in Allâh and in the Oneness of Allâh,
polytheists, pagans, idolaters) will not be successful." (V. 23:117).

Ash-Shirk
899
Appendix II
Ash-Shirk
POLYTHEISM AND ITS VARIOUS MANIFESTATIONS
Definition: Shirk basically is polytheism, i.e., the worship of others along with
Allâh. It also implies attributing divine attributes to any other besides Allâh. It
particularly implies associating partners in worship with Allâh or believing that
the source of power, harm or blessings is from others besides Allâh.
Types: There are three types of Shirk, namely:
(1) Ash-Shirk-al-Akbar, i.e. major Shirk
(2) Ash-Shirk-al-Asghar, i.e. minor Shirk
(3) Ash-Shirk-al-Khafi, i.e. inconspicuous Shirk.
Manifestations: (1) Ash-Shirk-al-Akbar (The major Shirk): The major and
serious polytheistic form, has four aspects:
(a) Shirk-ad-Du'â, i.e. invocation. This aspect implies invoking, supplicating
or praying to other deities besides Allâh.
Almighty Allâh says:
"And when they embark on a ships they invoke Allah, making their Faith
pure for Him only, but when He brings them safely to land, behold, they
give a share of their worship to others," (V.29:65)
(b) Shirk-al-Niyyah wal-Iradah wal-Qasd. This aspect implies intentions,
purpose and determination in acts of worship or religious deeds not for the
sake of Allâh but directed towards other deities.
Almighty Allâh says:
"Whosoever desires the life of the world and its glitter, to them We shall
pay in full (the wages of) their deeds therein, and they will have no
diminution therein. They are those for whom there is nothing in the
Hereafter but Fire; and vain are the deeds they did therein. And of no
effect is that which they used to do."(V. 11:15,16)
(c) Shirk-at-Tâ'ah. This aspect implies rendering obedience to any authority
against the Order of Allâh.
Almighty Allâh says:
"They (Jews and Christians) took their Rabbis and their monks to be
their lords besides Allah (by obeying them in things which they made
lawful or unlawful according to their own desires without being ordered
by Allâh), and (they also took as their lord) Messiah, son of Maryam
(Mary), while they (Jews and Christians) were commanded (in the Torah
and the Gospel) to worship none but One Ilâh (God i.e., Allâh), Lâ ilâha
illâ Huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but He). Praise and

Appendix II
900
Ash-Shirk
Glory is to Him (far above is He) from having the partners they associate
(with Him)." (V.9:31).
Once, while Allah's Messenger صلى اللّه عليه وسلم was reciting the above Verse,
'Adî bin Hatim said, "O Allah's Prophet! They do not worship them (rabbis and
monks)." Allâh's Messenger said, "They certainly do. They (i.e. Rabbis and
monks) made legal things illegal, and illegal things legal, and they (i.e. Jews and
Christians) followed them; and by doing so they really worshipped
them."(Narrated by Ahmad, At-Tirmidhi, and Ibn Jarir). (Tafsir At-Tabari,
Vol.10, Page No. 114).
(d) Shirk-al-Mahabbah. This implies showing the love which is due to Allâh
Alone to others than Him.
Almighty Allâh says:
"And of mankind are some who take (for worship) others besides Allâh
as rivals (to Allah). They love them as they love Allah. But those who
believe, love Allâh more (than anything else). If only those who do
wrong could see, when they will see the torment, that all power belongs
to Allâh and that Allâh is Severe in punishment." (V. 2:165)
(2) Ash-Shirk-al-Asghar Ar-Riyâ' (The minor Shirk, i.e. acts performed to
show off). Any act of worship or any religious deed done in order to gain
praise, fame or for worldly benefit, falls under this catagory.
Almighty Allâh says:
"Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) :'I am only a man like you, it has
been revealed to me that your Ilâh (God) is One Ilâh (God - i.e Allâh).
So whoever hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him work
righteousness and associate none as a partner in the worship of his
Lord.' " (V. 18:110)
(3) Ash-Shirk-al-Khafi (The inconspicuous Shirk). This type implies being
inwardly dissatisfied with the inevitable condition that has been ordained for
one by Allâh; conscientiously lamenting that had you done or not done such and
such or had you approached such and such you would have had a better status,
etc.
The Noble Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
"Ash-Shirk-al-Khafi in the Muslim nation is more inconspicuous than
the creeping of a black ant on black rock in the pitch-darkness of the
night." And this inconspicuous Shirk is expiated by saying thrice the
following sentences every day: "O Allah! I take Your refuge from that I
should ascribe anything as partner in Your worship, being conscious of
that, and I beg Your pardon for that sin which I am not aware of."

Appendix II
901
Al-Kufr (Disbelief)
Al-Kufr
DISBELIEF AND ITS VARIOUS MANIFESTATIONS
Kufr is basically disbelief in any of the articles of Faith in Islam.
The articles of Faith are: to believe in -
(1) Allâh,
(2) His angels,
(3) His Messengers,
(4) His revealed Books,
(5)
The Day of Resurrection, and
(6) Al-Qadar, Divine Preordainments (i.e. whatever Allah عز وجل has
ordained must come to pass).
There are two aspects of disbelief:
(1). The major disbelief (Al-Kufr-al-Akbar): This aspect excludes one
completely from the fold of Islam. There are five types (of this major
disbelief) :-
(a) Kufr-at-Takdhîb. This implies disbelieving the divine truth or denying of
any of the articles of Faith.
Almighty Allâh says:
"Then who does more wrong than one who utters a lie against Allâh and
,(صلى اللّه عليه وسلم denies the truth [this Qur'an, the Prophet (Muhammad
the Islamic Monotheism,] when it comes to him. Is there not in Hell an
abode for the disbelievers? " (V. 39:32)
(b) Kufr-al-Ibâ' wat-Takabbur ma'at-Tasdîq. This implies rejection and
arrogance to submit to Allâh's Commandments after conviction of their
truth.
Almighty Allâh says:
"And (remember) when We said to the angels: 'Prostrate yourself before
Adam.' And they prostrated except Iblis, he refused and was proud and
was one of the disbelievers (disobedient to Allâh)." (V. 2:34).
(c)
Kufr-ash-Shakk waz-Zann. This implies doubting or lacking of conviction
in the six articles of Faith.
Almighty Allâh says:
"And he went into his garden while in a state (of pride and disbelief)
unjust to himself. He said: 'I think not that this will ever perish. And I
think not the Hour will ever come, and if indeed I am brought back to
my Lord (on the Day of Resurrection) I surely shall find better than this
when I return to Him.' His companion said to him during the talk with
him: 'Do you disbelieve in Him Who created you out of dust (i.e. your

Appendix II
902
Al-Kufr (Disbelief)
father Adam), then out of Nutfah (mixed semen drops of male and
female discharge), then fashioned you into a man? But as for my part (I
believe) that He is Allâh, my Lord, and none shall I associate as partner
with my Lord.' " (V.18:35-38)
(d) Kufr-al-I'rad. This implies turning away from the truth knowingly or
deviating from the obvious signs which Allâh has revealed.
Almighty Allâh says:
"We created not the heavens and the earth and all that is between them
except with truth and for an appointed term. But those who disbelieve
turn away from that whereof they are warned." (V.46:3)
(e) Kufr-an-Nifâq. This implies hypocritical disbelief.
Almighty Allâh says:
"They have made their oaths a screen (for their hypocrisy). Thus they
hinder (men) from the Path of Allâh. Verily, evil is what they used to do.
That is because they believed, then disbelieved, therefore their hearts are
sealed, so they understand not." (V.63:2-3)
(2) The minor disbelief (Al-Kufr-al-Asghar): This aspect of disbelief does not
exclude one from the fold of Islam. It is also termed Kufrân-Ni'mah. This
implies disbelief manifesting itself in ungratefulness for Allâh's Blessings or
Favours.
Almighty Allâh says:
'And Allâh puts forward the example of a township (Makkah), that dwelt
secure and well-content; its provision coming to it in abundance from
every place, but it (its people) denied the Favours of Allâh (with
ungratefulness). So Allâh made it taste extreme of hunger (famine) and
صلى الله عليه fear, because of that (evil, i.e. denying Prophet Muhammad
, ) which they (its people) used to do." (V.16:112).

An-Nifaq (Hypocrisy)
903
Appendix II
An-Nifâq
HYPOCRISY AND ITS VARIOUS MANIFESTATIONS
Hypocrisy is of two types, namely:
(A) Hypocrisy in Belief.
(B) Hypocrisy in deeds and actions.
(A) Hypocrisy in Belief
There are six aspects of hypocrisy in Belief:
(صلى الله عليه وسلم To belie the Messenger (Muhammad.1
2.To belie some of all that was brought by the Messenger (Muhammad Lo
.(e.g. the Qur'an, the Sunnah, laws and principles of Islam) (اللّه عليه وسلم
.(صلى الله عليه وسلم To hate the Messenger (Muhammad.3
4. To hate some of that which was brought by the Messenger (Muhammad L.
.e.g. Islamic Monotheism, etc . (اللّه عليه وسلم
5.To feel happy at the disgrace of or the set back for the religion of Allah's
.(صلى الله عليه وسلم Messenger (Muhammad
6.To dislike that the religion of Allah's Messenger (Islamic Monotheism)
becomes victorious. (not being pleased at the victory of Islam).
A person having these six types (of hypocrisy) will be in the lowest depths
(grade) of the Fire (Hell). (See V. 4: 145).
(B) Hypocrisy in deeds and actions
There are five aspects of hypocrisy in deeds and actions, and their proof is from
the statement of Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم :- The signs of a hypocrite
are these:
1. Whenever he speaks, he tells a lie.
2. Whenever he promises, he always breaks it (his promise).
3. If you trust him, he proves to be dishonest (if you keep something as
trust with him, he will not return it).
4. And in another narration of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم :Whenever he
quarrels, he behaves in a very imprudent, evil, insulting manner.
5. Whenever he makes a covenant, he proves himself treacherous.

Appendix II
904
Jesus and Muhammad (peace be upon them).
JESUS AND MUHAMMAD
(peace be upon them)
IN THE BIBLE AND THE QUR'AN
BIBLICAL EVIDENCE OF JESUS BEING A SERVANT OF GOD AND
HAVING NO SHARE IN DIVINITY
By Dr. M.T. Al-Hilali, Ph.D.
Professor of Islamic Faith and Teachings, Islamic University, Al-Madinah Al-
Munawarrah.
INTRODUCTION
All praise is to the One to Whom all Dignity, Honour and Glory are due; the
Unique with perfect attributes, Who begets not, nor is He begotten. He has no
equal but He is the Almighty, Omnipotent. He sent His Messengers and
Prophets to guide humanity towards monotheism; to worship Him Alone, the
only One Worthy of worship, and to warn them of the eternal dire consequences
of polytheism, associating partners with One Allâh and the worship of creatures.
Peace and Blessings of Allâh be upon all the Prophets and Messengers,
especially on Muhammad, the last of the Prophets, and on all who follow him in
righteousness until the Day of Recompense.
JESUS AND THE DEVIL IN THE BIBLE
In the New Testament of the Bible, in the fourth chapter of the Gospel
according to Matthew, the sixth and seventh verses clearly indicate that Jesus is
an obedient mortal and God is the Master and Lord according to his saying in
the seventh verse:
"It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord, thy God."
In this chapter we read that the Devil actually carried the Messiah, and took
him from place to place. How can the Devil carry God? Glory be to Allâh; He is
above such blasphemy!
Then the Devil orders him to prostrate before him and worship him, even
tempting him with worldly possessions. How can the Devil even dare such an
audacity with God? When the Devil wanted Jesus to comply with his orders, he
(Jesus) replied by saying that it was written (in the previous Books):
"Thou shalt worship the Lord, thy God; And Him only shalt thou serve."
- Matthew 4:10.

Appendix II
905
Jesus and Muhammad (peace be upon them).
CHILDREN OF GOD
Jesus never called himself Son of God as far as I know - but he used to call
himself the 'Son of Man' (Mark 2:10) although he heard himself being called
by that name he did not object - as assumed in the Bible - and did not
consider the title exclusively for him.
According to the Biblical term in the Old and New Testaments, every God-
fearing righteous person is called 'Son of God'. In Matthew 5:9 we read:
"Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called the children of
God."
In Matthew 5:45 -
"That ye may be children of your Father which is in heaven ... "
GOD THE FATHER
In Matthew 5:48 -
"Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is
perfect."
In Matthew 6:1 -
" ... otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven."
Matthew 7:21 -
"Not every one that sayeth unto me (Jesus), Lord, Lord, shall enter into
the kingdom of heaven: but he that doeth the will of my Father, which is
in heaven."
N.B. The word 'Lord' here was translated as Rabb in the Arabic version of the
Bible so that people may be convinced that Jesus is God! But if one studies the
rest of the verse, one will note that the verse bears testimony to the subservience
(to God's Will) of the Messiah (Jesus). Therefore the correct translation should
be:
"Not every one that sayeth to me, O my Master, shall enter into the
kingdom of heaven, but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in
heaven."
It is obvious from the above readings from the Bible that the term 'Father' is
used for God in numerous places in the Bible. It is never used exclusively for
Jesus.
Matthew 11:25 -
"At that time Jesus answered and said, 'I thank Thee, O Father, Lord of
heaven and earth, because Thou hast hid these things from the wise and
prudent and has revealed them unto babes.""

Appendix II
906
Jesus and Muhammad (peace be upon them).
JESUS THE WORSHIPPER
Matthew 14:23 -
"And when he had sent the multitudes away, he went up into a mountain
apart to pray ..... "
I say: If Jesus is God or a part of God then why did he pray? In fact, prayer
is always from a submitting, needy and dependent one for the Mercy of
Almighty Allâh as mentioned in the Qur'ân:
"O mankind! it is you who stand in need of Allâh but Allâh is Rich (Free
of all wants and needs), Worthy of all praise" (V.35:15).
And in V.19:93 of the Qur'an :-
"There is none in the heavens and the earth but comes unto the Most
Gracious (Allâh) as a slave."
A BIBLICAL STORY
Matthew 15:22-28 -
"And, behold, a woman of Canaan came out of the same coasts and cried
unto him, saying, 'Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou son of David: my
daughter is grievously vexed with a devil.' But he answered her not a
word. And his disciples came and besought him, saying; 'Send her away,
for she crieth after us.' But he answered and said, 'I am not sent but unto
the lost sheep of the house of Israel.'
Then came she and worshipped him, saying, 'Lord, help me.' But he
answered and said, 'It is not meet to take the children's bread and to cast
it to dogs.'
And she said, 'Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall
from their masters' table.'
Then Jesus answered and said unto her, 'O woman, great is thy faith: be
it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made whole from
that very hour.' "
In this story about a woman from Canaan there are noteworthy points:
(1) Lack of mercy and love charged against Jesus (if the incident is reported
correctly).
(2) Degraded discrimination in regard to the uplifting of his tribe and not for
the others.
(3) Tribal pride of descendance and prejudice against others and calling them
dogs.
(4) An ignorant polytheist woman debated with him and won him over.
JESUS: A PROPHET OF ALLâH.
Matthew 19:16-17 -
"And behold, one came and said unto him, 'Good master, what good
thing shall I do that I may have eternal life?' And he said unto him,