النص المفهرس

xx
PREFACE.
not the genuineness of the book (a matter of no importance except as affecting the reputation of the seyyid Murtada"), but,
its authenticity. I was therefore obliged to make a most laborious collation of passages quoted in it with the same passages in
the works quoted: and in every instance I found that they had been faithfully transcribed. Thus the authenticity of the
Táj el-'Aroos was most satisfactorily established. But in comparing large portions of it with the corresponding portions of the
Lisan el-'Arab, I made the unexpected discovery that, in most of the articles in the former, from three-fourths to about nine-
tenths of the additions to the text of the Kamoos, and in many articles the whole of those additions, existed verbatim in the
Lisan el-'Arab. I cannot, therefore, acquit the seyyid Murtada of a want of candour, and of failing to render due honour to
one of the most laborious of compilers, by not stating either that the Taj el-'Aroos was mainly derived in the first instance
from the Lisan el-' Arab (which I believe to have been the case) or that the contents of the former are mainly found in the
latter. This circumstance has induced me very often to compose articles of my lexicon principally from the Lisan el-'Arab in
preference to the Taj el-' Aroos, comparing the contents afterwards with the latter ; and when they agreed, giving the latter as
my authority in most instances (though not alwayst) because I could only undertake to have the latter transcribed. The only
copy of the Lisan el-'Arab known to me is that which I have already mentioned. It was lent to me, in successive portions,
from the library of the collegiate mosque called " the Ashrafeeyeh," in Cairo. It is written in several different hands, nearly
resembling one another, of a peculiar cursive kind, which none can correctly read without studying sufficiently to understand
thoroughly; for which reason, if I had been able to obtain any copy made from it (for it bears statements of its having been
several times partially or wholly transcribed some centuries ago) I could not have placed much reliance upon it. Since the
time of the seyyid Murtada, it has suffered much injury, chiefly from the rotting of the paper ; in many places, the whole of
the written portion of a page having fallen out, the margin only remaining.
Having fully satisfied myself of the authenticity of the Taj el-'Aroos, as well as of its intrinsic value, my next object was
to cause a careful transcription of it to be commenced without delay, although, while I remained in Cairo, I made use of copics
belonging to the libraries of mosques. The following are all the copies of that work, or of portions thereof, respecting which I
have been able to procure any information .- 1. The copy made use of by 'Asim Efendee in writing his Turkish Translation of
the Kamoos. This belonged, according to his own statement, made to me, to Yahya Efendce the Hakeem, who for many
years composed the annual Egyptian Almanac published by order of the Government. He said that it was in the handwriting
of the author, in two very large volumes ; which, though hardly credible, is not absolutely impossible; for the handwriting of
the scyyid Murtada was small and compact : that the Grand Vezeer who was in Egypt during the contest between our own
forces in that country and the French borrowed it of him, and sent it to Constantinople without his permission : and that he
had caused many inquiries to be made for it there, but never learned any tidings of it .- 2. A copy believed to have been
in fourteen folio-volumes, in the handwriting of the author. Of this, the last volume and the last but two are in the library of
the Riwak of the Syrians in the great mosque El-Azhar. The rest of it seems to have been lost. It may be a portion of a
copy which the author retained for himself. When he died, his family kept his death secret for two days; after which, the
officers of the Government Treasury plundered his house of much property, among which, perhaps, was this copy; and if so, it
may have fallen into different hands; one person taking a portion ; and another person, another portion .- 3. A copy sent by
the author as a present to the King of San'a. So I was informed on the authority of a person living in Cairo, who asserted that
he conveyed it for the author, and who must have attained to manhood some years before the author's death. He may perhaps
be mistaken as to the work that he conveyed; but this is not probable .- 4. The copy in the library of the mosque of Mohammad
Bey Abu-dh-Dhahab, before mentioned ; said to be in eight thick, full-paged folio-volumes ;# not in the author's handwriting,
· By various other works, he earned a high reputation for learning ;
und I believe that his ability to compose such a work as the Taj el-' Aroos
was never called in question.
t In the articles of which the last radical letter is >, and in those of
which the last is 3, I have generally deviated from my usual plan by
indicating the authority of the Lisan el-'Arab rather than that of the Taj
el-'Aroos in order to convey some notion of the value of the former work.
£ I was informed that the number of its volumes is eight; but I was
never allowed to see the whole copy, and, in the course of transcription, I
neglected to note where each volume ended.

xxi
PREFACE.
but transcribed under his superintendence, and in part, and perhaps entirely, revised by him. This copy wants a portion from
the commencement of the first main division of the lexicon ; i. e., of a; J1 4 : it also wants some other, smaller, portions. I
shall have to say more respecting it in the next paragraph .- 5. A portion in the handwriting of the author, in my possession ;
from the commencement of باب الهمزة to the words ولغة فى رثى الميّت in article رثا : supplying more than the main portion that is
wanting in the copy of Mohammad Bey. It is of a small quarto-size, and ends in the middle of a page .- 6. A copy in the
library of the late Ibraheem Pasha, transcribed from that of Mohammad Bey, and said to be incorrectly written .- 7. A large
folio-volume, in my possession, before mentioned, consisting of nearly the whole of the first tenth portion; evidently transcribed
from the copy of Mohammad Bey, for it wants what is deficient in a 4 in the latter copy.
The copy transcribed for me, which is in twenty-four thick quarto-volumes, is partly from the portion, in the handwriting
of the author, in the great mosque El-Azhar; but mainly from the copy of Mohammad Bey ; what is wanting in this last,
in ajel 4, being copied from the MS. No. 5 in the foregoing list ; and very nearly the whole of the other (smaller) portions
that are wanting thercin being supplied from the principal source, namely, the Lisan el-'Arab. It is therefore far superior
to the other known copies, in respect of completeness, except the first and third of the copies mentioned in the next preceding
paragraph if these exist and be still entire. But it will not always serve as a perfect test of the correctness of my own
lexicon, although it has been carefully collated with its originals, as I made use of the copy of Mohammad Bey as long as I
remained in Egypt, and have used the Lisan el-'Arab and other lexicons for the supplying of syllabical signs &c. wanting
in that copy and in my own. In my copy, diacritical points have often been omitted when not thought by the transcriber to
be absolutely necessary; as is the case in almost all copies of lexicons: also syllabical signs that are in the originals are not
unfrequently omitted : and my copy is more irregular than its originals in the manner of writing the letter hemzeli. The
copy of Mohammad Bey will probably, in a few years, be in many places illegible; for the ink with which it is written is of
a corrosive nature, and has already, in those parts, caten through the paper, though hitherto not to such an extent as to present
any difficulty to the reader : or rather I should say that such was the case just before my own copy was made ; for while
I was translating from portions of it already transcribed for me, small pieces often dropped out from its lcaves, in spite of my
utmost carc. I believe that if I had not undertaken the composition of the present work, the means of composing such a work
would not much longer have existed. For not only was the sole copy of the Taj el-'Aroos that was nearly complete, and that was
worthy of reliance, of those known to exist, rapidly decaying; but many of the most precious of the manuscripts from which
it was compiled have been mutilated; many are scattered, no one knows whither; and several, of which no other copies are
known to be in existence, and for which one would have to search from city to city, exploring the libraries of mosques, arc
said to have perished. The transcription of my own copy, and its collation, extended over a period of more than thirteen
years. It might have been accomplished in much less time, had less care been bestowed upon it: but for several years I could
find no competent and willing transcriber except the sheykh Ibraheem Ed-Dasookec, who was unable to devote the whole of his
time to this object. Upon him the task of transcription mainly devolved; and the collation was performed wholly by him in
conjunction with myself or with another sheykh.
As soon as a few pages of my copy of the Taj el-'Aroos had been transcribed, I commenced the work of translation and
composition from its originals. I did not hesitate to write my lexicon in English rather than in Latin, because the latter
language is not sufficiently perspicuous nor sufficiently copious. For several years I continued to collect all that I required
for a lexicon as complete as it was possible for me to make it. But I then considered that about one third of what I had
compiled consisted of the explanations of words rarely occurring ; many of them, words that no one student was likely ever to
meet with ; and not a few, such as are termed ,Li or sisi or Juju. (before explained, in page xi. of this preface);
these last being words known only as having been spoke .! , each by a single Arab, or as only once occurring in any writing.
I considered also that the undertaking which I had t .. us long been prosecuting was one which would require many more
years for its completion ; and that it was incumbent on me to take into account the uncertain duration of my appointed term
Bk. I.

xxii
PREFACE.
of life, and to occupy myself first with what was most important. I therefore finally determined to divide my lexicon into two
Books: the first to contain all the classical words and significations commonly known to the learned among the Arabs : the other,
those that are of rare occurrence and not commonly known. And I have made such subdivisions as will enable the purchaser
of a copy to bind it in the manner that he may deem most convenient : in two volumes, or in four, or in eight; each to consist
of a portion of Book I. with the corresponding portion of Book II .; or so that all the words in Book I. of which the roots
commence with one letter may be immediately followed by the words in Book II. of which the roots commence with the same
letter. The Second Book will be small in comparison with the First, of which the Part to be first published (1 to _ inclusive) will
forni about one eighth. In order that it may be possible to bind the whole work in two volumes, I have chosen for it a thin paper.
Nearly twenty years have now clapsed since I commenced this work. Had I foreseen that the whole labour of the
composition must fall upon me or the project be abandoned, and had I also forescen the length of time that it would require
of ine, unaided, I should certainly not have had the courage to undertake it. I had hoped that I should have at least one
coadjutor: and I continued to hope for some years that such might be the case; but by no one have I been aided in the least
degrec, except, occasionally, in discussions of difficult points, by the sheykh Ibraheem Ed-Dasookce; who has written the
results of some of these discussions on the margins of pages of my copy of the Taj el-'Aroos, generally in his own words, but
often in words dictated by me. For seven years, in Cairo, I prosecuted my task on cach of the work-days of the week, after
an early breakfast, until within an hour of midnight, with few and short intervals of rest, (often with no interruption but that
of a few minutes at a time for a meal, and half an hour for exercise,) except on rare occasions when I was stopped by illness,
and once when I devoted three days to a last visit to the Pyramids: I seldom allowed myself to receive a visiter except on
Friday, the Sabbath and leisure-day of the Muslims : and more than once I passed a quarter of a year without going out of
my house. But I must not be supposed to claim much credit for the exercise of self-denial with respect to the pleasures of
society ; for during those seven years passed in Cairo, I had my wife and sister and the latter's two sons residing with me.
Nor would I here make mention of the severe labour which this work has cost me but for the purpose of guarding against the
imputation of my having been wanting in energy or industry. To convey a due idea of the difficulties of my task would be
impossible. While mainly composing from the Taj el-'Aroos, I have often had before me, or by my side, eight or ten other
lexicons, (presenting three different arrangements of the roots, and all of them differing in the order, or rather disorder, of the
words explaincd, ) requiring to be consulted at the same time. And frequently more than a day's study has been necessary to
enable me thoroughly to understand a single passage: for the strict rules of Arabic lexicology demand that every explanation
be given as nearly as possible in the words in which some person of authority has transmitted it; and many explanations
perfectly intelligible when they were first given became less and less so in succeeding ages, and at length quite unintelligible
to the most learned of living Arabs. Even Ibn-Scedeh often confesses, in the Mohkam, his inability to understand an
explanation or some other statement that he has transmitted. Many explanations, morcover, present instances of what is
termed ; and instances of a worse kind of license, termed Jeus, are not of unfrequent occurrence: by the former term is
meant a deficiency in what an author writes relying upon the understanding of the render; and by the latter term, a
deficiency in what he writes without relying upon the reader's knowledge. Often, two synonymous words are used to explain
each other. Numerous cases of this kind occur in the Kamoos: such, for instance, are af- and ju%%, 350 and 23;, Site!
and Jey, and jis and Jeff: and in these cases I have not always found the information that I required by referring to
other lexicons. More frequently, in lieu of an explanation, we find merely the word ,jis, meaning "well known :" and in a
very large proportion of such cases, what was once " well known" has long ceased to be so. Still more frequently, significations
are only indicated by the context: in many instances, as clearly as they could be expressed by any words of explanation: but
in many other instances, very obscurely. Many words are rendered by others which are not elsewhere explained in the same
lexicon; many, by words meant to be understood in senses not elsewhere explained in that lexicon; many, by words meant to
Le understood in tropical senses; and many, by words meant to be understood in post-classical senses. In these last cases, I
have often found in my knowledge of modern Arabic a solution of a difficulty : but without great caution, such knowledge would

xxiii
PREFACE.
frequently have misled me, in consequence of the changes which have taken place in the applications of many words
since the classical age. Great caution is likewise requisite in the attempt to elicit the significations of words by means of
analogy; as I could easily show by giving all the principal words of one article with their significations, and then requiring
any student to divine the significations of the other words of the same article by such means, and comparing his explanations
with those that have been authoritatively transmitted. Perfect reliance is not to be placed upon vowel-signs and the like when
they are nicrely written, without their being either described in words or shown by the statement that the word of which the
pronunciation is to be fixed is similar to some other word well known. Even when they are described, one has to consider
what rule the author follows; and in some lexicons the rules followed by the authors are not explained. For instance, when
a noun of three letters is said to be with fet-h, if in the Kamoos, the meaning is that it is of the measure j's : but in some
other lexicons it means that it is of the measure jas. If we find such a noun in the Kamoos written as of the measure Jas and
said to be with fet-h, we must infer that j's (not jws) is the correct measure : and if in the same lexicon we find such a non
that is to be explained written otherwise than as of the measure J's, without its being followed by any indication of its
measure, we must infer that Jes is probably its true measure, unless it be a word commonly known. But these and other
technical difficulties aro comparatively small, or become so after a little time spent in the study of different lexicons with a
previous knowledge of the principles of Arabic lexicology and lexicography. Among the graver difficulties are those which are
often presented by verses cited as confirmatory examples, or as illustrations, without either context or explanation; many of
which I have inserted in my lexicon as being either absolutely necessary or such as I could not omit with entire satisfaction.
Various other obstacles that I have had to encounter I refrain from mentioning, hoping that I shall be deemed to have said
enough to excuse myself for the length of time that has elapsed since the commencement of my work. I have, however,
been unusually favoured by circumstances; and especially by iny having acquired, in familiar intercourse with Arabs, an
acquaintance with their manners and customs, and their mental idiosyncrasies, indispensably requisite to success in my
undertaking. Encouraged by these circumstances, I applied myself to the working of the rich mine that I had discovered,
with the resolution expressed in the saying of a poet,"
• لَأَسْتَسْهِلَنَّ الصَّعْبَ أَوْ أُدْرِكَ المُنَّى· فَمَا أَنْقَادَتِ الآَمَالُ إِلَّ لِصَابِرٍ .
When I had prosecuted my task in Cairo during a period of nearly six years, I understood it to be the desire of iny
Patron that the British Government might be induced to recognise the importance of my work by contributing to the expense
of its composition. I therefore submitted to the Head of Her Majesty's Government a request that my undertaking might
be thus honoured and promoted: and I did so in a time peculiarly auspicious; the Premier being Lord John Russell, now
Earl Russell. IIis Lordship graciously and promptly replied to my appeal by granting me an annual allowance from the Fund
for Special Service; and through his recommendation, this was continued to me by one of his successors in office, another
Nobleman who added eminence in letters to elevation of birth and station, the late Earl of Aberdeen. And here I must
especially and gratefully acknowledge my obligations to the learned Canon Cureton, for his friendly offices on these and other
occasions. I must also add that Professor Lepsius and Dr. Abeken, and the late Baron Bunsen, kindly exerted themselves
to obtain permission for my lexicon to be printed at Berlin, at the joint expense of the Prussian Government and the Academy
of Sciences; and several of the learned Orientalists of Germany seconded their endeavours; but conditions were proposed to
me to which I could not willingly accede.
After a stay of somewhat more than seven years in Cairo, a considerable portion of which period was spent by me in
collecting and collating the principal materials from which my lexicon is composed, I returned to England; leaving to
the sheykh Ibraheem Ed-Dasookee the task of completing the transcription of those materials, a task for which he had become
fully qualified.
· Cited in page 123 of this work.

xxiv
PREFACE.
I must now add some explanations necessary to facilitate the use of my lexicon.
The arrangement that I have adopted is, in its main features, the same as that of Golius: the words being placed
according to their radical letters; and the roots being arranged according to the order of their letters (commencing with the
first of those letters) in the usual alphabet.
Words of three different. classes, in which the radical letters are the same, but different in number, I place in the same
article. The first of these classes consists of words of two radical letters; as j .: the second class, of reduplicative triliteral-
radical words, in which the first and second radical letters are the same as those of the first class, and the third the same as
the second of that class ; as ji and je and ju &c .: and the third class, of reduplicative quadriliteral-radical words, in
which the first and third radical letters are the same as the first of the first class, and the second and fourth the same as the
second of that class ; as ji; and aut and jui, &c. These three classes are included in the same article in all the best
Arabic lexicons ; and two reasons may be given for my following the same plan. One reason is similarity of signification.
Words of the first and second corresponding classes very seldom exhibit an alliance in signification ; but instances of such
alliance in words of the first and third classes are less rare; and instances of alliance in signification in words of the second
and third classes are very numerous. The other reason is, that such words are generally held to be derived from the same
root. Some of the Arabian lexicologists hold that a word of the class of je is a biliteral-radical word ; so that the letters of
its root are represented by as : but most of them regard it as, absolutely, a triliteral-radical word ; so that the letters of its
root are represented by Jas. With respect to a word such as Ju., the opinion held by El-Farra and others, and ascribed to
El-Khalcel, is, that it is to be represented by ah's; so that the letters of its root are represented by as: another opinion,
ascribed to El-Khalcel and his followers among the Basrees and Koofces, is, that it is to be represented by ji's; so that the
letters of its root are represented by Jas: another, ascribed to Seebaweyh and his companions, is, that it is originally a word
to be represented by jas, and that the third radical letter is changed, and made the same as the first; so that the letters of
its root are represented by the same letters as if the word itself were to be represented by JAss: the opinion commonly
obtaining among the Basrees is, that it is to be represented by jies; so that the letters of its root are represented, in this case
also, by Jas ; and as the last of these modes of representing the word is the one most usual, I generally adopt this mode
in my lexicon, except in quoting from an author who uses another inode. The triliteral root, in both of these classes
of words, is that which is preferred in the Muzhir, where, in the 40th Section, not far from the commencement, these
different opinions are stated.
Agrecably with the same principle, quasi-quadriliteral-radical words (the conjugations and varieties of which will be
found in a table inserted in this preface) I class with the triliteral-radical words from which they are derived by the Arabian
lexicologists and grammarians.
What is cominonly called " the Verb of Wonder" I mention among the verbs. The Koofees say that it is a noun,
(.ملح in article (مَا أُمَّيْلِحَ زَيْدًا meaning an epithet. (Sco
Dialectic variants, synonyms, and words nearly synonymous, from the same root, are mentioned and explained in one
paragraph : but every word thus explained in a paragraph headed by another word is also mentioned by itself, or accompanied
by a word or words nearly resembling it in form, with a reference to that paragraph. (In order to facilitate the reference, au
arrow-head (*) is inserted to render conspicuous a word explained in a paragraph headed by another word.) Several obvious
advantages result from this arrangement; not the least of which is a considerable saving of room. In these cases, when I
have found it possible to do so, I have placed the most common word first, or otherwise distinguished it from the rest:
sometimes I have shown which words are more or less common by the authorities that I have indicated for them.

XXV
PREFACE.
When a noun is not found at the head of a paragraph, or by itself, or with another nearly resembling it in form, it is to
be looked for among the infinitive nouns, which are mentioned with their respective verbs. And plurals are to be found under
their singulars.
Words that are regularly formed, ad libitum, (such as active and passive participial nouns, and nouns denoting the
comparative and superlative degrees, &c.,) are not mentioned, unless for special reasons.
In respect of the places which I have assigned to arabicized words, I have generally followed the usual practice of the
Arabian lexicographers; that is, I have generally placed them as though they were derived from Arabic roots; because most
students look for them under the headings beneath which I have mentioned them, and because many of them have derivatives
formed from them in the regular Arabic manner. But, properly speaking, every letter in an arabicized word is regarded by
most of the Arabian lexicologists as radical.
When several significations are assigned to one word &c., connected by "or," it is often the case that one is right in
one instance, and another in another; and not unfrequently, that all are correct in different instances.
Whenever I have found it possible to do so. I have distinguished (by the mark #) what is affirmed to be tropical from
what is proper ; generally on the authority of the Asas. I have also generally distinguished (by the mark +) what I regard
as evidently, or probably, tropical. when I have found no express authority for asserting such to be the case. Thus I have
often been enabled to draw clearly what may be termed the "genealogies" of significations. Always, in the arrangement.
of' significations, I have, to the utmost of my ability, paid attention to their relations, one to another. The mark - is used
to denote a break in the relations of significations &c. ; and == denotes an extraordinary, or a complete, dissociation.
Numerous words in the Silah and Kamoos and most other Arabic lexicons are merely said to be the names of certain
plants or animals. Of these I have generally found and given explanations which have either enabled me to determine the
particular species to which they apply or may enable others to do so, and which will show that the applications of many of
these words have been changed in post-classical times. For the names and descriptions of plants, my chief authority is
Aboo-Hancefch Ed-Deenawaree, who is generally held to have adhered to the original nomenclature more accurately than
any other writer on the Arabian flora, enabled to do so in many cases by his own careful investigations, and by consulting
Arabs of the desert, at a sufficiently carly period, in the third century of the Flight. I have been induced to mention the
properties commonly attributed by the Arabs to plants and drugs &c., though they are generally fanciful, because they
sometimes help to point out what is meant by an explanation otherwise vague, and sometimes chicidate far-fetched comparisons
or allusions.
The explanations of the particles are extremely defective in almost all the Arabie lexicons; bnt of this very important
class of words, generally more difficult to explain than any other class, I have found, in the Mughnec, illustrations even more
ample than I required. Though I have generally omitted the statement of opinions evidently erroneous, and refuted in the
Mughnee, I have in some degree imitated the author of that work by endeavouring to treat such words rather too largely
than too scantily.
Of the learning of Golius, and the industry of Freytag, I wish to speak with sincere respect, and with gratitude for
much benefit derived by me from their works before circumstances gave me advantages which they did not enjoy. But lest
I should be charged with omitting important matters in some of the originals from which my work is composed, it is necessary
for me to state that, in countless instances, both of those lexicographers have given explanations, more or less full, as from

xxvi
PREFACE.
the Sihan or Kamoos or both, when not one word thereof, nor even an indication, is found in either of those originals:" and
that much of what Freytag has given as from the Kamoos is from the Turkish Translation of that lexicon, of which I have
before spoken, a work of considerable learning, but of no authority when no voucher is mentioned in it.t I have myself
occasionally cited the Turkish Translation of the Kamoos, but only when I have not found what I wanted in any other work,
and, in a case of this kind, only when I have felt confidence in its correctness, or when I have desired a confirmation of my
own opinion. In very few instances have I adopted its explanations; having often found them to be glaringly incorrect; in
some cases, from its author's having partially misunderstood what he had to translate; but in more cases, from his having
altogether failed to understand, and therefore having given literal renderings which are far from conveying the meanings
intended.
Proper names of persons and of places, and post-classical words and significations, I have, with very few exceptions,
excluded from my lexicon. A dictionary of words of the former class, such as would satisfy the wants of students, would of
itself alone form a large volume; for the sources from which it might be drawn are abundant, and not difficult of access. A
dictionary of post-classical Arabic, worthy of being so called, could not be composed otherwise than by a considerable number
of students in different cities of Europe where good libraries of Arabic manuscripts are found, and by as many students in
different countries of Asia and Africa; partly from books, and partly from information to be acquired only by intercourse with
Arabs; and several of those who should contribute to its composition would require to be well versed in the sciences of the
Muslims. In excluding almost all post-classical words and significations, I have followed the example of every one of the most
esteemed Arabian lexicographers; and the limits that I have assigned to my labours have certainly been rather too wide than
too narrow, as will be sufficiently shown by the fact that the quantity of the matter comprised in the first eighth part of my
First Book (1 to & inclusive) is treble the quantity of the corresponding portion of Freytag's Lexicon, although I leave rare
words &c. for my Second Book.
I have inserted nothing in my lexicon without indicating at least one authority for it, except interwoven additions of
my own which I have invariably distinguished by enclosing them between square brackets. Throughout Part 1 of the First
Book, I have generally made the indications of the authorities as numerous as I conveniently could; but I have not thought
it desirable to do so throughout, as these indications occupy much space, and what is most important is to note the oldest
authority mentioned in any of my originals, with one or more of good repute to confirm it. A table of the authorities inserted
in this preface will show which of them I have cited through the medimn of the Taj el-'Aroos or the Lisan cl-'Arab. Such
authorities I have often indicated without any addition. When two or more indications of anthorities are given, it is to be
understood that they agree essentially, or mainly ; but not always that they agree in words. When any authority is, in an important
degrec, less full, or less clear, than another or others by which it is accompanied, I distinguish it by an asterisk placed after the initial
. By this remark, I may perhaps provoke the retort that, in composing
an Arabic-English lexicon wholly from Arabic sources, I am myself
doing what may be resolved into something like reasoning in a circle.
But such is not the case; for the words employed in explanations in the
Arabic lexicons are generally still used in the senses in which they are
there employed ; and the intended meanings of words that are not still
used in such senses arc, with few exceptions, easily determined by
examples in which they occur, or by the general consent of the learned
among the Arabs in the present day. Of the exceptional difficulties of
interpretation, I have already said cnough ; and for my own sake, as
well as for the sake of truth, I by no means wish to underrate them.
t In Freytag's first volume, the authorities are seldom indicated .--
Sometimes explanations given by Golins as from the Silah or Kamoos or
both, and not found in either of those works, are copied by Freytag without
his stating such to be the case, and without his indicating the authorities
or authority assigned by Golius : for example, three such instances occur
in the short article a.
In a few instances, in the Taj el-'Aroos, where its author has drawn
from the Tahdhecb or the Mohkam through the medium of the Lisun
el-'Arab, I have found the Taldhecb crronconsly named as his authority
instead of the Mobkam, or the Mohkam instead of the Tahdhceb .-
Sometimes an authority is mentioned by a surname borne by two or
more, so that the person meant is doubtful.

PREFACE.
x.xvii
or initials &c. by which it is indicated. Frequently it happens that an explanation is. essentially the same in the Lisan
el-'Arab and the Taj el-' Aroos, but more full, or more clear, in the former: in cases of this kind I have generally indicated
only the latter as my authority.
Sometimes I have been obliged to employ English terms which have not, to my knowledge, been used by any other
writer; but I have been careful to invent only such as will, I believe, be easily understood. For example, I have applied the
epithet "auroral" to certain risings and settings of stars or asterisms, to denote the restriction of those risings and
settings to the whole period of the morning-twilight: the epithet "heliacal," applied to such risings, would restrict them
overmuch. Lexicological and grammatical terms employed in my lexicon will be found in one of the tables inserted in
this preface.
I have supposed the student who will make use of this work to be acquainted with the general rules of grammar. These
he must bear in mind when he meets with particular rules mentioned by me. For instance, from his finding it stated, in
page 77 of this lexicon, that, when yi is used in the sense of "2, the noun which follows it is put in the same case as that
which precedes it, he must not imagine that exceptions to this rule are presented by such phrases as ady ( There is no
deity other than, i. c. but, God) and مَا هُذَا شَيْئًا إِلَّا كِتَاب (This is not anything but a writing) and ◌ْمَا جَاء مِنْ أَحَدٍ إِلَا زَيْد (No one came
but Zeyd) and it's yı JU (which means the same as the second of these phrases) : for in each of these examples the
noun preceding fi is regarded as being virtually in the same case as the noun following it. (Sec a note in Do Sacy's Arabic
Grammar, 2nd ed., vol. ii. p. 404.)
Considering the size of this work, the quantity of Arabic type that it comprises, the minuteness of many of the
characters employed in it, and the excessive care required in the placing of those small characters, no student can reasonably
hope to find it entirely free from typographical faults, whether they be such as have originated from the compositors and have
escaped the scrutiny of the author, or such as are almost inevitable in the process of printing. I shall use my utmost
endeavours to detect such faults, and to note them for correction.
The following tables will, I believe, supply all further explanations that will be needed.

xxviii
PREFACE.
I .- Table of the Conjugations of Arabic Verbs.
- يَفْعِلُ, فَعِلَ (t)): يَفْعُلُ ,فَعُلَ (5): يَفْعَلُ، فَعِلَ (1): يَفْعَلُ , فَعَلَ (3rd): يَفْعِلُ , فَعَلَ (2nd): يَفْعُلُ , فَعَلَ (Ist varicty) .1
.and the like (قَصَّصَ for) قَصَّى variations: فَعَّلَ .2
. فَاعْلَ .3
.أَفْعَلَ .4
: and the like (تَظَنَّنَ for) تَظَنَّى al80: ظ or ,ط ,ض وص وش (س ,ز وز ود رج ,ثرت is ف in the cascs of verbs of which the ,افْعَلَ variations: تَفَعَّلَ .5
(.c& تَتَفَعَّلُ c. (for& تَفَعَّلُ
(.c& تَتَّفَاعَلُ c. (for& تَفْاعَلُ معه: افِّعَّلَ sometimes bccomes تَفْعَّلَ in cases like those in which ,افَاعَلَ variations: تَفَاعَلَ .6
.and the like (انْمَلَسَ for) إِمَّلَسَ and the like; and (اِنْنَصَرَ for) إِنَّصَرَ variations: اِنْفَعَلَ .7
اتّبَعْ also such as: ظ or ,ط رض وص ,ش ,س وز ,ذ ود رج ,ث وت is ع in the cascs of verbs of which the , فَعّلَ or , فِعّلَ,فِعَّلَ،فَعَّلَ variations: الْتَعَلّ .8
,(إِزْتَادَ for) إِزْدَادَ, (إِذْكَرَ for) إِذْدَكْرَ لى الله إِذْكَرَ and أدَّكْرٌ, (إِذْتَرَكَ for) إِذَّرَكَ) , (اجْتَمَعَ ٢٥٢) إِجْدَمَعَ, (اقْتَغَرَ for) إِدْغَرَ and ◌ِنَّغَرَ and اتَّغَرَ, (انْتَبْعَ for)
اتَّقَى , (إِظْتَلَمَ for) اِظَّلَّمَ and اِظْطَلَمْ [nnu اِظَّلَمْ,(إِطْتَبَعْ for) إِطَّبَعَ, (اِخْتَرَدَ for) اِضْطَرَدَ ,(اضْتَرَبَ for) إِضَّرَبَ and اضْطَرَبَ ,(إِصْتَبْرَ for) إِصَّبَرَ and إِصْطَبَرْ
. (اعْتَذَرَ for) إِعِذّرَ and إِعَذَّرَ: (إِيتْسَرَ for) إِنَّسَرَ, (إِوْتَقَّى for)
. اِبْيَضَضَّ عه ز اِفْعَلَلَّ and: إِرْعَوَى in the case of a vorb of which the J is unsound; as ,اِفْعَلَلَ variutions: إِنْعَلَّ .9
. (إِسْتَطَاعَ for) إِسْتَاعٌ and إِسْطَاعَ variations: اِسْتَفْعَلَ .10
.اِحْوَاوَى in the case of a verb of which the J is unsound; as ,اِفْعَالَلَ variution: إِفْعَالَّ .11
.اِنْعَوْعَلَ .12
.اِفْعَوَّلَ .13
.فَعْلَلَ .1.Q
.تَفَعْلَلَ .2 .Q
.افْعَنْللَ .3 .Q
. اِفْعَذَلَّ .4 .Q
.R. Q. 1. Verhs of the clusses of بلمل (in which the first and third radical letters are the same, and the second and fourth,) and جَلْيَب (in which the
third und fourth radical letters are the same).
. تَجَلْبَبَ and تَبَلْبَلَ R. Q. 2. Verbs of the classcs of
.اِفْعَنْسَسَ R. Q. S. Verbs of the class of
R. Q. 4. Verbs of the elass of ◌َأبيضَض, mentioned ahove, (sce 9,) as variutions of ◌ّافْعَل, may be classed under this head.
; فَهُعَلَ ; فَنْعَلَ ;فَتْعَلَ ; فَأُعَلَ: فَعْيَلَ : فَعْوَلَ : فَعْهَلَ : فَعْنَلَ: فَعْمَلَ; فَعْأَلَ: فَعْلَى: (عَشْرَنَ according to some, and عَلُونَ (28) فَعْلَنَ ; فَعْلَمْ; فَعْلَسَ .1 .Q. Q
- يَفْعَلَ زْهَفْعَلَ زْ نَفْعَلَ زَمَفْعَلَ : سَفْعَلَ : تَفْعَلَ: فَيْعَلَ : فَوْعَلَ
.تَمَفْعَلَ: تَفَيْعَلَ : تَفَوْعَلَ: تَفَعْيَلَ : تَفَعْوَلَ: تَفَعْنَلَ: تَفَعْلَى ; تَفَعْلَتْ .2.QQ
.اِفْوَنْعَلَ: اِنْتَعَّْلَ: اِفْعَيَّلَ ; اِفْعَوْلَلَ : اِفْعَلَّلَ ز اِفْعَالَلَ اِفْعَنْلَى : اِفْعَنْلَاً .3.Q. Q
. اِنْفَعَلْ: اِفْوَعَلَّ : اِفْمَعَلَّ : اِفْلَعَلَّ: اِنْعَهْلَّ : إِلْعَالُ 4.Q.Q
Beside these, there are some other forms of Q. Q. verbs, not to be classed with any of the foregoing. And probably there are some other varieties of
Q. Q. 2; cachi quasi-passive of Q. Q. 1.

Ixix
PREFACE.
II .- Table of Lexicological and Grammatical Terms &c. used in the following work.
Accord., for according.
Accus. case, for accusative case, J.
. لِلْمَعْلُومِ or مَبْنِىٌّ لِلْفَاعِلِ ,Act., for active
.إِسْمُ فَاعِلٍ ,Act. part. n.,for active participial noun
Adv. n., for adverbial noun, ظرف, and some-
times ◌ٌصِفَة ; of place, ◌ٍخلَرْفُ مَكَان ; and of
. خَرْفُ زَمَانِ ,time
.فَاعِلْ ,Agent
.مقيس and قياسي ,Analogous, or regular
.فياس ,Analogy
غَيْرُ مَقِيسٍ and غَيْرُ قِيَاسِيّ ,Anomalous, or irregular
or شَاز (sCc "Dev.") or ◌ٌنَّادِر (see "Extr.").
. مُضَارِعٌ ,Aor.,for aorist
Aplastic, applied to a noun and to a verb, etc.
App., for apparently.
Appositive, 25.
حَبَرْ and مُسْنَدْ ,Attribute, or prodicate
جَمْعْ مُكَّرْ ,Broken pl., for broken plural
Coll. gen. n., for collective generic noun,
also called a lexicological ; جِنْسٍ جَمْعِىّ
جَمْعْ تُغَوِىٌّ ,plural
مُضَافَ إِلَيْه ,Complement of a prefixed noun
. فِعْلَ ثّام ,Complete, i. e. attributive, verb
جَاب ,Conj., for conjugation
: مَوْصُول آسْمِى ,conjunct noun: مَوْصُول ,Conjunet
.مَوْصُولٌ حَرْفِى ,conjunet particle
.حَرْفٌ عَاطِفْ and حَرْفُ عَطْفٍ ,Conjunction
Contr., for contrary.
Conventional term, اصطلاح- Conventional
.عُرْف ,langungc
. تَوْكِيدْ and تَأْكِيدْ ,Corrolorative
Decl., for declinable, مُعْرَب :perfectly dccl.,
غير ,.imperfectly decl: مُنْصَرِفْ and مَصْرُوفٌ
.غَيْرُ مُنْصَرِفٍ and مَصْرُوفٍ
Defective verb, i. e. having , or is for the last
. فِعْلْ نَاقِصٌ ,radical letter
Dev., for deviating; as in the phrase, Deviating
from the constant course of speech (with
respect to analogy, or rule, or with respect
to usage) ; ◌َشاذ .This term and ◌ْنَادِر (sec
" Extr.") are often used in the lexicons in-
discriminately.
Dial., for dialect, ¿5.
Dial. var. of, for dialectic variant of, afj.
.مصغّر ,Dim., for diminutive
.خبر ,Enunciative
Epithet, and epithetie phrase, 'S and ,
صفّةً and
Ex., for example.
Expl., for explained.
Expos., for exposition, شرح and تفسير : the latter
particularly applied to an exposition of the
Ķur-án.
Extr., for extraordinary (with respect to analogy,
or rule, or with respect to usage), JÚ. (See
" Dev.")
Bk. I.
Fem., for feminine, .
ستَقْبَلْ ,Fut., for future
جَرْ and خَفْضُ ,Gen. case, for genitive case
.اسم جنس ,Gen. n., for gencrie noun
- فِعْلَ أَجْوَقُ ,Hollow verb
. مُشْتَوَلْ فِيهِ for ,مُشْتَرَكْ ,Homonym
I. q., for idem quod.
Ideal (as opposed to rcal) subst., اسْمر مَعْنَى, or
.معنى simply
- إنَّبَاع ,Imitative sequent
SO
.أمر ,Imperative
.مبتدا ,Inchoative
,فِعْلَ نَاقِصْ ,Incomplete, i. e. non-attributive, verb
.فِعْلٌ غَيْرٌ تَامَ or
مَيْنِى ,Indecl., for indeclinable
Inf. n., for infinitive noun, jelas. Inf. n. of
unity, ◌ِمَصْدَرْ لِلْمَرّة. Inf. n. of modality,
.مَصْدَرْ لِلنّوْعِ
.اسم آلة ,Instrumental noun
.لَا زِمِ and غيرُ مُتَعَدّ ,Intrans., for intransitive
Irreg., for irregular : see " Anomalous."
Lit., for literally.
-فِعْلْ مَهْمُوزْ ,Mahmooz verb
مُضارِعٌ منصوبٌ ,Mangoob aor., for mangoob aorist
.مُذَكّرْ ,Masc., for masculine
.وزن ,Mcasure
.مُضَّارِعٌ مَجْزُومٌ ,Mcjzoom aor., for mcjzoom morist
.استعارة ,Metaphor
.استعارِىّ ,Mctaphorical
.كِنَايَةٌ ,Mctonymy
N., for noun, l.
. وَاحِدْ and وَاحِدَة ,N. un., for noun of unity
Nom. case, for nominative case, ¿3,.
Objective complement of a verb, Jack's
.مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ
or
Part. n. : sec " act. part. n." and " pass. part. n."
حَرْف ,Particle
. لِلْمَجْهُولِ or مَبْنِىٌّ لِلْمَفْعُولِ ,Pass., for passive
Pass. part. n., for passive participial noun,
-مَفْعُولٍ
Perfect pl., for perfect plural, جَمعْ سَالِم ; also
جَمْعْ صَحِيحٌ ,.called a sound pl
Perfect verb, i. e. one which has not two radical
letters alike, nor has . nor , nor is for one
of its radical letters, فِعْلٌ سَائِم . (See also
" Sound verb.")
Pers., for person (of a verb).
Pl., for plural, ¿. Pl. of pauc., for plural of
paucity, JF . Pl. of mult., for plural of
multitude, جمع كثرة. PI. pl., for plural of
جَمْعٌ جَمْع ,a plural
لَابِنْ and تَامِرْ Possessive noun or epithet (such as
&c.), ◌ِاِسْمْ عَلَى النَّسَب (a kind of relative
noun ).
مُحْدَثْ and مُوَلَّدْ ,Post-classical
Predicate : see " Attribute."
مُضَافٌ ,Prefixed noun
Prep., for preposition, ◌ّحَرْفُ جَر, and sometimes
-صِغّةً
.ماض ,Pret., for pretcrite
مَثَلَّ ,Prov., for proverb
. فِعْلْ رُبَاعِيّ ,Q., for quadriliteral-radical verb
Q. Q., for quasi-quadriliteral-radical verb, Jis
.مُلْحَقْ بِالرَّاعِيّ
Q. v., for quod vide.
.لحق .see art: مُلْحَقّ ,Quasi-coordinate
إِسْمُ مَصْدَرٍ ,Quasi-inf. n., for quasi-infinitive noun
.اِسْمْ لِلْمَصْدَرِ and
Quasi-pass., for quasi-passive, ¿Qu ...
Quasi-pl. n., for quasi-plural noun, !.
Quasi-sound verb, i. e. one having , or us for its
فعلٌ مثال ,first radical letter
R. Q., for reduplicative quadriliteral-radical verb,
. فِعْلْ رُبَاعِىٌّ مُضَاعَفٌ
Real (as opposed to idcal) subst., ◌ٍاسْمر عَيْن or]
. ذَاتْ or simply إِسْمُ ذَات and ,عَيْنْ simply
.اسم وِعاء ,Receptacular noun
Reg., for regular: see " Analogous."
. نسبة or ,اسمر منسوب ,Rel. n., for relative noun
Simple subst. (as opposed to inf. n.), and.
.وَاحِدٌ and مُفْرَد ,Sing., for singular
Sound pl., for sound plural : see " Perfect pl."
Sound verb, i. e. onc which is not of the class
termed "perfect," but which has not , nor
S for one of its radical letters: or, as used
in the 'Eyn and several other lexicons, one
that has not , nor is nor . for one of its
radical lctters : ◌ٌفعلٌ صحيح (Scc " Perfect
verb.")
Specificative, or discriminative, joe's.
.حَالْ ,State, denotative of
Subject (as correlative of attribute or predicate),
-مُسْتَدْ إِلَيْهِ
Subst., for substantive, ~~ 1.
.بَدَلْ ,Substitute
Syll. signs, for syllabical signs, ics.
Syn., for synonym and synonymous, مُرادِف and
,Syn. with, for synonymous with . .مُتَرَادِقْ
لُغَةً فِی
.حَدِيثْ ,Trad., for tradition
. وَاقِعْ and مُتَعَدّ ,Trans., for transitive
Transposition, Jis. Formed by transposition,
مَقُلُوبُ
.مَجَازِىّ and مجازر ,Tropical
Unsound verb, i. e. one having , or s for one
of its radical letters : or, as used in the 'Eyn
and several other lexicons, one having , or
. فِعْلٌ مُعْتَلَّ : or . for one of its radical letters ى
.فعلّ ,V., for verb
. اِسْمُ فِعْلٍ ,Verbal noun
Į means asserted to be tropical.
asserted to be doubly tropical.
+
supposed by me to be tropical.

PREFACE.
III .- Chronological list of the more celebrated of the Lexicologists and Grammarians cited in the following work, extracted from the 48th Section of
the Muzhir : with some additions, which are marked with an asterisk.
.Ibn-' Abbas: died in the year of the Flight
.
68
·Mujahid : said to have lived 83 years ; and
to have died in
100 or 101 or 102 or 103
·Katadeh : born in 60: died in .
117 or 118
Aboo-'Amr Ibn-El-'Alà: ( born at Mekkeh,
in the year of the Flight 70 or 68 or
65:) died in
. 151 (*or 154) or 159
El-Khalcel : lived to the age of 74
. 160 or 170 or 175
*El-Leyth Ibn-Nasr Ibn-Seiyar El-Khurú-
shnee : contemporary with, and com-
panion of, El-Khalcel.
Yoonus : born in the year 90
182 *or 183
.
*Abu-d-Dukeysh: contemporary with Yoonus.
El-Kisa-ce
182 or 183 or 180 or 192
Seebaweyh : lived 32 years, or 40 and odd
years : died in
. 161 (*or 177) or 180 or 188 or 194
Aboo-Mohammad El-Yezeedee: lived 74
years : died in
202
En-Nadr Ibn-Shumeyl: died in .
203 or 204
Ķutrub
206
El-Farrà : lived 67 years .
207
Aboo-'Obeydeh (*Maamar Ibn-El-Muthennà
·
Et-Teymce) : born in 112: died in .
.
208 or 209 or 210 or 211
Aboo-'Amr Esh-Sheybance : lived 110 (*or
111) or 118 years : died in
. 205 or 206 or 213
A boo-Zeyd(*El-Angarce:) lived 93 years : diedin
. 214 or 215 or 216
El-Aşma'ee : born in 123 (*or 122): died in ("214 or) 215 or 216 Por 217
·El-Lihyance: contemporary with El-Kisá-ee
and Aboo-'Obeydeh and Aboo-Zeyd and
El-Aşma'ee.
210 or 215 or 221
Abu-1-HInsan El-Akhfash
·
.Abu-I-IIeythem: a preceptor of A boo-'Obeyd.
.Ibn-Buzurj: contemporary with Abu-l-Heythem.
Aboo-'Obcyd : lived 67 years : died in
223 ог 224 от 230
Ibn-El-Aarúbce : born in 150: died in
. 231 or 233
*Shemir: contemporary with Ibn-El-Aarabee.
Ibn-Es-Sikkeet (*Yaakoob) .
.
. 244
Aboo-Hatim Es-Sijistance: lived nearly 90
years : died in
.
·
248 от 250 or 254 or 255
.Es-Sukkarce (author of an "Exposition of
the Deewan El-Hudhaleeyeen "): born
in 212: died in
270 or 275
Ibn-Kuteybch : [also called El-Ķutabee, and
by some, (among whom is the author of
the Taj-cl-' Aroos,) less properly, El-
Ķutey bee: (see the Biogr.Dictionary of En-
Nawawee, p. 771 : )] born in 213: died in 267 *or 270 or 271 or 276
*Aboo-Haneefch Ed-Deenawaree (author of
the " Book of Plants ") .
282 от 285 or 286
Thaalab (*Abu-l-'Abbas Ahmad Ibn-Yahya,
author of the " Faşeeh") : born in 200:
died in
. 291
Kuráa
Ez-Zejjáj (Aboo-Is-hák)
. 311
. cir. 310
·Ibn-Dureyd (author of the "Jemharah"):
born in 223, or [about five years later,
for] it is said that he lived 93 years, not
more, and died in
.
321
·Ibraheem Ibn-Mohammad Ibn-'Arafel (Nif-
[aweyh) : born in 244 or 250: died in
323
Aboo-Bekr Ibn-El-Ambarce : born in 271:
died in
(*327 or) 328
Ez-Zejjájee
. (*337 or) 339 or 340
·El-Fárábee
343
Ibn-Durustaweyh : born in 258: died in
347
Ibn-El-Kooteeyeh
367
Es-Seerafee: born before the year 270: died in
368
Ibn-Khalaweyh
370
El-Azherce (author of the " Tahdheeb ") :
"born in 282: died in .
*370 or 371
Aboo-'Alee El-Farisee : ("lived more than 90
years : ) died in .
(*376 or) 377
Aboo-Bekr Ez-Zubeydee (author of an abridg-
ment of the "'Eyn"
.
379
.Ibn-' Abbad (the Sahib, author of the " Mo-
hect "): born in 326: died in
.
385
El-Khattabee
388
Ibn-Jinnee (*Abu-l-Fet-h 'Othman): born
before the year 330: died in
392
Ibn-Fáris
(*390 or) 395
El-Jowharce (author of the " Șiháh ")
*393 or 397 or 398
El-Harawee (author of the "Gharcebeyn ")
. 401
Mohammad Ibn-Jaafar El-Kazzáz .
412
El-Jawáleckee
425
*Ibn-Et-Teiyance (author of the " Moo'ab")
436
Ibn-Seedeh ("author of the "Mohkam"):
lived about GO years : died in
458
El-Klinteeb Et-Tebreczee: born in 421 : died in
502
*Er-Raghib El-Isfahance : died in the early
part of century five.
Ibn-El-Kattaa : born in 433: died in
515
·El-Meydance: died in
518
Ibn-Es-Seed El-Batalyowsee: born in 444:
died in
. 521
Ez-Zamakhsheree ("author of the "'Asás" and
" Keshshaf," &e.) : born in 467: died in
538
.Es-Suheylee (author of the " Rowd") .
581
Ibn-Barree (*author of " Annotations on the
Șiņáh ")
582
.Ibn-El-Atheer El-Jezeree, (Mejd-ed-Deen,
author of the " Nihwych ")
60G
*El-Fakhr Er-Rázee .
6OG
*El-Mutarrizee (author of the " Mughrib"):
born in 536: died in
. 610
Es-Saghánee (*or Es-Sághance, author of the
"'Obáb" and of the "Tekmileh fi-s-
Șihúh "): born in 577: died in .
GGO
Er-Radee Esh-Shațibee : born in 601 : died in
.El-Beydawee .
685 or 690 or 691
684
El-Jemal Ibn-Malik : born in 600: died in
. 692
.Ibn-Mukarram (author of the "Lisan
el-'Arab"): born in 630: died in
711
.El-Feiyoomee (author of the " Misbah,"
which he finished in 734).
Aboo-Heiyan : born in 654: died in
745
*Ibn-Hisham (author of the " Mughnee"
born in 708: died in
761 or 762
·
El-Feyroozábadee (author of the " Kámoos"
*and the " Basair ") : born in 729: died in
816
The seyyid Murtadà Ez-Zebeedee (author of
the "Táj el-Aroos"): died in
. 1205
.
282
El-Mubarrad: born in 210: died in .

xxxi
PREFACE.
IV .- Indications of Authorities.
From all these authorities I have drawn through the medium of the Taj el-'Aroos or the Lisan el-'Arab, except those
distinguished by the mark #, which denotes those whence I have always drawn immediately : from many of them I have also
drawn through the medium of some other lexicon than the two above named : and from those distinguished by the mark + I have
often, or generally, drawn immediately. What is meant by an asterisk placed after any indication of an authority in my lexicon
has been explained in page xxvi.
+A,
The " Asis " of Ez-Zamakhsheree.
AA,
Aboo-'Ainr Ibn-El-'Alu, and Aboo-'Amr Esh-Sheybanec :
cach being cited simply by the name of " Aboo-'Amr."
AAF,
Aboo-'Alce El-Farisee.
ADķ,
Abu-d-Dukeysh.
AHút,
Aboo-Hatim Es-Sijistance.
AHei,
Aboo-Heiyán.
AHeyth,
Abu-l-Heythem.
AHn,
Ahoo-Hancefch Ed-Deenawarce, author of the "Book of
PInuta."
Aboo-Mangoor (same as Az).
+AM,
AO,
Aboo-'Obeydel.
+Ksh,
El-Kutcybee.
Kutrub.
The " Kulleeyát " of Abu-l-Baka.
Aklı,
As,
El-ARma'ce.
+Az,
El-Azherce (saine as AM), author of the " Tahdhecb."
B,
'The "Bashir," by the author of the " Kamoos."
+L,
The " Lisan el-' Arab."
Lh,
El-Leblee.
Lh,
El-Lihyánee.
Lth,
El-Leyth Ibn-Nasr Ibn-Seiyar, held by El-Azherce to be the
author of the "'Eyn," which he calls " Kitab Leyth."
Dır,
Į EM,
The " Exposition of the Mo'nllakat," printed at Calcutta.
+F,
El-Feyrouzabade, author of the " Kámoos."
+ Fei,
Fr,
FA,
El-Furrů.
'The " Fasech " of Thaalab.
Mbr,
El-Mubarrad.
+Meyd,
El-Meydance's " Proverbs."
+Mgh,
Mi,
The "Mujmal " of Ibn-Faris.
+Msb,
The " Misbih " of El-Feiyoomee.
+Mtr,
+Mughnee, The " Mnghni-l-Lebceb " of Ibn-Hisham.
+Mz,
The " Muzhir " of Es-Suyootee.
Nh,
The "Nihaych" of Ibn-El-Atheer El-Jezeree (Mejd ed-
Deen).
En-Nesa-ee.
Ns,
(),
The "'(bub " of Es-Snghance.
IPS,
The " Persian Translation of the Siháh."
R,
The " Rowd " (" Er-Rowd el-Unuf") of Es-Suheylcc.
+S,
The "Siháh."
ISM,
'The seyyid Murtada, author of the " Taj el-' Aroos."
Sb,
Sechaweyh.
Ibn-Faris, unthor of the "Mujmal."
Ihn-Ilishum, anthor of the " Mughnce."
Sgh,
Es-Saghunec, author of the "'Obab" and of the " Tekmilch
fi-s-Șiláh."
Sh,
Shemir.
+Skr,
.
Suh,
Es-Suheylce, author of the " Rowd."
+T,
ITA,
The " Taj cl-'Aroos."
The " Turkish Translation of the Kimoos."
1TK,
TS,
The "Tekmilch fi-s-Sihah " of Es-Saghinec.
+Ti,
The " Tuhdheeb et-Talıdheeb."
Th,
Thaalnb, author of the " Fasceh."
+W,
El-Wahidee's " Exposition of the Deewan of El-Mutanebbce,"
edited by Dr. Dieterici.
Yoonus.
Yoo,
Yz,
El-Yczeedce.
Ez-Zamakhsheree.
Ez-Zubeydec, author of an " Abridgment of the 'Eyn."
1Jcl,
The " Jumi'" of the seyyid Mohammad.
The " Exposition of the Kur-an " by the Jelaleyn.
Jm,
The " Jemharah" of Ibn-Dureyd.
The " Kámoos."
The kádee 'lyhd.
The " Kenz el-Loghah," of Ibn-Maaroof; an Arabic-Persian
Dietionary.
The " Kitáb et-Tnareefát."
İKT,
Kf,
The " Kifayet el-Mutahaffidh."
Kh,
El-Khalcel, commonly supposed to be the author of the
"'Eyn."
Kura, author of the " Munjid."
+Kr,
Ks,
The " Keshshaf" of Ez-Zamakhsherce.
El-Kisá-ee.
A'Obeyd, Ahoo-'Obeyd.
AZ,
Aņl,
El-Akhfash.
El-Beydawec's " Exposition of the Kur-in."
El-Bukharec.
+Bd,
Bkh,
Btl,
El-Batalyowsce.
ICK,
'The Culentta edition of the "Kumoos."
Ed-Demeerec.
+M,
IMA,
The " Mukaddamet el-Adnb " of Ez-Zamnkhsherce
+MF,
Mohammad Ibn-Et-Teiyib El-Fasee, author of "Annotations
on the Kamoos."
+MS,
The " Mukhtar es-Sihah."
+ Hur,
IIr,
1Aar,
I'Ab,
El-Harawee.
Ibu-El-Aarabee.
Ibn-' Abhús.
Ibn-'Akeel's " Exposition of the Alfeevel of Ibn-Malik," edited
by Dr. Dieterici.
¡l'Ak,
IAmb,
IAth,
Thu-El-Ambirce.
Ibn-El-Atheer El-Jezerce, (Mejd-ed-Deen,) author of the
"Niháych."
Ibn-Barrce, muthor of the " Annotations on the Sihah," with
El-Bustec.
IB,
Ibu-Dureyd, author of the " Jeniharah" &c.
Ibu-Durustnweyh.
Seer,
Fa-Scerifce.
IĶooț,
IKt,
IKtt,
Ibn-Muknrram, (commonly called in the Taj el-'Aroos " Ibn-
Mundhoor,") author of the " Lisan el-'Arab."
Ibn-'Odeys.
Ibn-Seedeh, author of the " Mokam."
+18d,
1Sh,
Ihn-Shunweyl (En-Nadr).
ISk,
Ibn-Es-Sikkeet (Yaakoob).
1 lbrD,
Ibraheem Ed-Dasookee.
El-Jowharce, author of the " Siháh."
A MS. supposed to be the "Jumi"" of El-Karmanee: a lexicon
founded upon the "'Eyn," with additions from the
" Teknilet cl-'Eyn" of El-Khárzenjee.
+Z,
'Zbd,
+Zj,
Ez-Zejjáj.
+IDrd,
IDrst,
IF,
+11ish,
IJ,
IKh,
Ibn-Jinnec.
Ibn-Khilaweyh.
Ibn-El-Kootecych.
Ibn-Kateybch.
Ibu-El-Kattan.
Es-Sukkarce, author of an " Exposition of the Decwan El-
Hudhaleeyeen."
The " Taludheeb " of El-Azherec.
+IM,
IO,
+J,
IJK,
1JM,
Aboo-Zeyd.
El-Aalunt.
Ķt,
Ķtr,
Į Kull,
+Kur,
Ķz,
+Kzw,
The " Kur-án."
El-Kazzáz.
El-Kazweenec.
The " Mohkanı."
El-Feiyoomce, author of the " Misbah."
+Ham,
The " Exposition of the Hamasch," (" Hamasa Carmina,")
by Et-Tebreezee.
El-Harrerce's " Mukamat," the Commentary on; 2ud cdit.
of l'aris.
The " Maghrib " of El-Mutarrizee.
El-Mutarrizee, author of the " Mughrib."
+Ķ,
KI,
1KL,

xxxii
PREFACE.
I have now, to the best of my ability, supplied all the necessary apparatus for the use of my lexicon, except, only, such
information as I suppose the student to have acquired from other sources.
The Arabic title ,.un . (which the Arabs in general, in the present day, the learned as well as the unlearned, would
pronounce " Medd el-Kamoos," as they deem it pedantic to pronounce the titles of books in the classical manner,) I have
adopted in imitation of that given to his lexicon by El-Feyroozabadee. It has two meanings: "The Flow of the Sea" and
" The Extension of the Kámoos."
Not only the main expenses incurred in the composition of this work, but also the cost of the printing, and that of the
Arabic type, have been defrayed by the munificence of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland. The Arabic characters have
often been considerably altered by the Arabs themselves and by other Easterus; and still more by Europeans, to adapt them to
the purpose of printing. For this purpose, I have myself innovated a modification of one medial form and one final form,
and . My Nephew, Mr. Edward Stanley Poole, who possesses unusual skill in Arabic caligraphy, designed, mmder my
superintendence, the whole of the Arabic type employed for this work ; and has also assisted me occasionally in the collation of
the proofs, previously to my own examination and correction of them; and often in other affairs connected with the printing
of my lexicon.
December, 1802.
E. W. L.

A CALAMITY that has recently befallen me, in common with multitudes of other persons,-the decease of the ILLUSTRIOUS DUKE
by whom this work was originated, and whose munificence has constantly supplied the chief means of its support .- requires me
to announce that the event so widely and deeply deplored will not cause any interruption of the publication.
His princely patronage, granted spontaneously, and with a kindness and delicacy not to be surpassed, has been continued
during nearly a quarter of a century. The carrying-out of his intentions, with respect to my Lexicon, now devolves upon
HIS WIDOW, HER GRACE THE DUCHESS OF NORTHUMBERLAND, by her own particular desire.
The intense interest that has ever been felt by HER GRACE in all the great deeds whereby the departed DUKE has
established countless claims upon the gratitude of his country is well known; and it is, to me, a source of the utmost thankfulness
and pride that my own undertaking is included among the objects that have been honoured by the patronage, and stamped
with the approval, of them both.
E. W. L.
March, 1865.

POSTSCRIPT TO THE PREFACE.
SINCE the publication of the foregoing Preface, two occurrences have induced me to append to it this Postscript,
without waiting for the completion of my work.
The first of these occurrences was my receiving the unexpected information that the copy of the 'Obab which I
had sought, without success, to discover in Cairo had been found and purchased, had been brought to London, and
was offered to me for sale. A most exorbitant price was demanded of me for it, and refused by mc: but my late
lamented Patron, by means of a person employed to treat for it by my Nephew Mr. Reginald Stuart Poole, bought it,
for a sum which, though large, was not greater than that which I would myself willingly have paid for it if I had been
a man of wealth ; and most kindly entrusted it to me, for my usc during the progress of the printing of my Lexicon.
The 'Obab is, as I supposed it to be, and as I have since found to be stated by Hajjce Khalccfch, composed in
the order of the Sihah, ending in article ; so that its author completed a little more than three fourthis of his
intended work. To what he has borrowed from the Sihah, which he has freely and literally copied throughout the
'Obáb, but usually without acknowledgment, he has made large additions, with due acknowledgments, chicfly from
the Jemliarah of Ibn-Durcyd and the Mohect of Ibn-'Abbad. Whether his less numerous additions be from the
original sources or from citations in other Icxicons, I have not been able to determine. Of all the lexicons of carlier
authors, his work most resembles the Mohkam ; which, though it is in my opinion decidedly superior to the 'Obáb in
critical accuracy and in other respects, he seems to have strangely neglected; thereby suggesting to the author of
the Kámoos the project of composing the Lami', and subsequently the composition of the Kámoos itself .* In a notice
of its author and of his other works, in article go in the Taj el-'Aroos, the 'Obab is said to be "in twenty volumes;"
and the same is said by Hajjec Khalccfch : but the copy of it mentioned above is in ton large quarto volumes, written
in a very large hand, and generally with all the vowel-signs and the like that are absolutely requisite. Several
portions of it, not, however, amounting to much in proportion to the rest, had been lost when it was brought to
England : but as the work was never completed, this is less to be regretted than it would be otherwise. In many
parts it has been injured by worms ; and in some parts, by larger vermin. In other respects, it is in good preserva-
tion. I have often found it very useful in the cases of doubtful passages in the Taj cl-Aroos; and not unfrequently
in its affording me valuable additions to the contents of the latter work, though notes in its margins in the hand-
writing of the Seyyid Murtada show that he consulted it with much careful and critical consideration.
The second reason for my appending herc this Postscript to my Preface is to correct the dates of the birth and
death of El-Azlıcree. The paragraph relating to his Lexicon, the "Tahdheeb," I had inserted in its right relative
place ; but I was afterwards led to transpose it, while the Preface was in type, by observing that the place was
inconsistent with the dates of his birth and death which I had there given on the authority of two most excellent
copics of the Muzhir and had repeated in another page; and I did not discover that these dates were incorrect until
it was too late to rectify the mistakes otherwise than by reprinting two leaves, after the Preface had been published.
El-Azhcree, as is stated by Ibn-Khillikan, was born in the year of the Flight 282; and died in the latter part of 370,
. Throughout PART V. of my Lexicon, I have generally endeavoured to show (by the indications of my authorities) the degrees in which the
'Obab has borrowed from the contents of the Sihah and contributed to the contents of the Kámoos.

POSTSCRIPT TO THE PREFACE.
or, as some say, 371; so that he lived 88 or 89 years (lunar reckoning). In the ycar 311, being then about 29 years
old, lic became a prisoner among the Karmatces, falling to the lot of a party of Arabs of the Desert. Among these
people he appears to have remained several years; for he is related to have mentioned his having passed two winters
with them in Es-Samman, but usually to have wintercd with them in the Dahnd. And while wandering and
sojourning with them in these and other parts of Central and Northern Arabia, he collected many words and
phrases, which lic has mentioned in his Lexicon; but expressly distinguishing them as having been hicard by him
from the Arabs or from Arabs of the Desert (in both cases meaning the same) or as having been licard by him in the
Desert, lest he should be supposed to claim for them less questionable authority. IIis opinion of these additions to
the "Taldhceb " is shown by his insertion of them, and also by a citation from a statement in his own handwriting,
that in the speech of the people among whom he was in captivity, themselves Arabs of the Desert, a gross inaccuracy
or mistake was seldom or never found. Thus we learn a very important fact respecting the gradual corruption of
the dialects of Arabic : the utmost that can be said of the dialect spoken by the wandering tribes more than ninc
centuries ago in the North-Central region, where the vernacular language has continued to the present day to be Icast
exposed to foreign influences and therefore least affected thereby, is, that it was free from gross inaccuracies. That
the language of the settled inhabitants throughout Arabia had long before become too much corrupted for their words
or phrases to be cited in lexicons, unless for the purpose of discriminating them as post-classical, is admitted and
affirmed by all the lexicologists who have had occasion to mention the subject : but thic language now spoken in the
towns of the North-Central region (which language is well known by reason of that region's being still traversed by
one of the great pilgrim-routes and often visited by learned men from Egypt and from Syria) is said to be less corrupt
than are the dialects of the Bedawces of the same and of other parts.
More than seventeen hundred printed pages of my Lexicon are now before me; and when it is considered
that this portion comprises about thirice as much matter as the corresponding portion (one half) of Freytag's
unabridged Lexicon, I hope that the time which the printing lias occupied will not be thought unreasonably long.
Notwithstanding the time and pains that I have devoted to the scrutiny necessary for the detection and correction of
typographical and other errors, the crrata that I have since casually observed and noted down are not so few as I
hoped and expected thiem to be: but I have generally found them to be such as any one qualified to make a pro-
fitable use of my work may casily discover and rectify without my aid.
December, 1869.
E. W. L.

[ Book I.]
1
The first letter of the alphabet [according to the
order in which the letters are now conimonly
disposed; and also according to the original
order, which see in art. Je !]: called Ji.
[This name, like most of the other names of
Arabie letters, is traccable to the Phoenician
language, in which it significs "an ox;" the
ancient Phoenician form of the letter thus called
being a rude representation of an ox's licad.] It
is, of all the letters, that which is most frequent
in specchi : and some say that, in JI, in the Kur
[ch. ii. &c.], it is a name of God. (TA.) Its
name is properly fem., as is also that of every
other letter ; [and hence its pl. is Susi;] but it
may be made masc .: so says Ks: Sb says that
all the letters of the alphabet are masc. and fem.,
like ns ◌ُالكِسَان is masc. and fein. (M.) As a letter
of the alphabet, it is abbreviated, for short, and is
written I, as it also is generally when occurring in
a word, except at the end, when, in certain cases,
it is written (s,] and is prononneed with a punse
after it: and it is also prolonged: (S, Ķ, TA:)
[in the latter case, it is written 21; and] this is the
case wlien it is made a subst .: and when it is not
called a letter, [i.e. when one does not prefix to
it the word : 3, -,] it is [properly] fem. (S.) Its
dim. is agi, meaning an Al written small, or
obscure, ($, IB,) according to those who make
it form. and who say , زبيتُ زَايًا and وَيَلْتُ وَالًا ; but
. زويت زايا ,according to those who say آوية
(IB.)= Ji [properly so called ]is one of the letters
of prolongation and of softness and of augmenta-
tion; the letters of augmentation being ten, which
are comprised in the saying, ◌ُالْيَوْمَ تَنْسَاء [" to-day
thon wilt forget it"]. (S.) There are two species
of الف; namely, لينة [or soft], and ◌ًمُتَحَرِّكَة [or
monent]; the former of which is [ properly] called
Si; and the latter, Bjer; (S, TA;) which is a
faucial letter, pronounced in the furthest part of
the fauces [by a sudden emission of the voice after
a total suppression, so that it resembles in sound
a feebly-uttered e, wlience the form of the chu-
meter (.) whereby it is represented]: but this
latter is sometimes tropically called _il; and both
[as shown above] are of the letters of angmenta-
tion. ($ in art. ,1, and TA.) There are also two
other species of الف; namely, ◌ٍألفُ وَصْل [the alif
of conjunction or connexion, or the conjunctive or
connerive alif]; and ais Jsi [the alif of disjunc-
tion, or the disjunctive alif]; every one that is
permanent in the connexion of words being of the
latter species; and that which is not permanent,
[i. c. which is not pronounced, unless it is an alit
of prolongation,] of the former species ; and this
is without exception augmentative ; [but it is some-
times a substitute for a suppressed radical letter,
as in ابن, originally بنى or زينو] whereas the alif of
Bk I.
disjunction is sometimes angmentative, as in the
case of the interrogative alif [to be mentioned
below, and in other cases]; and sometimes radical,
as in JEl and jal: (S, TA:) or, according to
Ahmad Ibn-Yahya and Mohammad 1bu-Yczced,
(T, TA,) the primary Swi are three ; the rest
being subordinate to these: namely, dl
[radical alif], (T, K, TA.) as in Jil and jef
(T) and ◌َأخَذ; (K;) and ◌ٌالفَّ قَطْعِيَّة [disjunctive
alif], as in Ki (T, K) and f (T) and
conjunctive or] ألف وَصْلِيَّةٌ T,K;) amd) زأحْسَنَّ
connexive alif], (T, K,) as in fel (T) and
EST. (T, K.) __ The Jill which is one of the
letters of prolongation and of softness is called
والأَلِفُ السَّاكِنَّةُ the quicerent alif, and] الألفُ الهَادِثَةُ
which significs the same]: (MF, TA:) it is an
acrial letter, (Muglince, MF, TA,) merely a
sound of prolongation after a fet-hah; (T, TA;)
and cannot have a vowel, (1B, Mughnee, ME,)
wherefore it cannot commence a word: (Muglı-
nce:) when they desire to make it movent, if it
is converted from , or Ls, they restore it to its
original, as in ◌ٍعَصَوَان and ◌ٍوَحَيَان;and if it is not
converted from , or 5, they substitute for it liem-
zchi, as in jstj, in which the hemzchi is a sub-
stitute for the 1 in [the sing.] afug. (IB.) IJ
holds that the name of this letter is , [pro-
nounced lá or lé, without, or with, imulch, like the
similar names of other letters, as U and Ú and Ú
&c.,] and that it is the letter which is mentioned
[next] before us in reckoning the letters ; the J
being prefixed to it because it cannot be pro-
nounced at the beginning of its name, as other
letters can, as, for instance, go and a; and he
adds that the teachers [in schools] err in pro-
nouncing its name Jí pý. (Mughnce.)_The
granimarians have other particular appellations
for alifs, which will be here mentioned. (T, TA.)
The unknown alif] is such as] الألفُ المَجْهُولَةُ_
that in ◌ْفَاعِل [or ◌َفَاعَل] and ◌ْفَاعُول ; i. c., every ١,
(T, K,) of those having no original [from which
they are converted, not being originally i nor ,
nor 5, but being merely a formative letter, and
hence, app., termed " unknown"], (T,) inserted
for the purpose of giving fulness of sound to the
fet-hah in a verb and in a nom; (T, K ;) and this,
when it becomes movent, becomes ,, as in the"
case of خَاتَّم and ◌ُخَوَاتِم, becoming , in this case
because it is movent, and followed by a quiescent
1, which I is the I of the pl., and is also dyr ...
(T.)_ِأَلِفَاتُ المَدَّات [The alifs of prolongations]
are such as those [ which are inserted for the same
purpose of giving fulness of sound to the fet-hah] in
,دَانَاقٌ and ,خَاتَم for وخَاتَامْ and ,كَلْكَلْ for , كَلْكَالٌ
for 315. (T, Ķ.) In like manner, , is inserted
after a dammeh, as in ◌ُأَنْظُور; and ى after a kesrch,
ns in JUS. (TA.) An alif of this species is
also called Ey JAf [The alif added to give
fulness of sound to a fet-linh preceding it]: nud so
is the alif in We used in imitation [of n nonn in
the arens. case ; as when one says, رَأيْتُ رَجُلا (pro-
nounced Was) " I saw a man," and . the person
lo whom these words are addressed says, Le
Whowm?]. (Mughnce.)- ◌ِألفُ الصّلّة [The alif of
annexation, or the annexed alif,] is that which is
an annex to the fet-hah of a rhyme, (T, K,) and to
that of the fem. pronoun W: in the former case as in
.
بَانَتْ سُعَاهُ وَأَمْسَىْ حَبْلُهَا أَنْقَطَعَا
in which & is made an annex to the fet-linh of the
[of the rhyme]; and in the saying in the Kur
[xxxili.10], وَتَظُنُّونَ بِاللهِ الظُّنُونَا, in which the !
after the last & is an annex to the fet-linh of that
&; and in other instances in the final words of
veros of the Kur-ain, as قَوَارِيرًا and سَلْسَبِيلًا [in
Ixxvi. 15 and 18]: in the other case as in
and Y Syp. (T.) The difference between it and
Joyl Ji is, that the latter is in the beginnings
of nouns and verbe, and the former is in the end-
ings of nonus {and verbs]. (T, K.) It is also
called 31 11 JAI [The alif of unbinding, because
the vowel ending a rhyme prevents its being Je,
i. e. "bonnd" by the preceding consonant]:
(Muglice;) and AL own Wi [the alif of the final
mord of a verse of poetry or of a verse of the
Kur-án or of a clause of rhyming prosc]. (TA.)
[This last appellation must not be confounded
الألفُ الفَاصِلَةُ-[.with that which here next follows
[The separating alif] is the I which is written after
the , of the pl. to make a separation between that
, and what follows it, as in L (T, K) and
und] يدعوا and يغزوا and in the like of ,كفروا
lo2]; but when a pronoun is affixed to the verb,
this I, being needless, does not remain : (T:) also
the ' which makes a separation between the
which is a sign of the fem. gender and the heavy
[or doubled] [in the corroborated form of the
nor. and imperative], (T, K,) because a triple
يَفْعَلْنَان] is disliked, (T,) as in ن combination of
.لَا تَفْعَلْنَانٍ T,K) and) اِفْعَلْنَانٍ [and تَفْعَلْنَانٌ and
(T.)_أَلِفُ النَّونِ الخَفِيفَةِـ [The alif of the light, or
single, noon in the contracted corroborated form
of the aor. and imperative], as in the phrase in
the Kur [xcvi. 15], ◌ِلَنَسْفَعْا بِالنَّاصِيَة [explained in
art. ci], (T, K,) and the phrase [in xii. 32],
And he shall assuredly be] وَلَيَكُونَا مِنَ الصّاغِرِينَ
of those in a state of vileness, or ignominy],
in both of which instances the pause is made with
I [only, without tenween, so that one says 5
and ÚJ, and this seems to be indicated in Expo-
sitions of the Kur-án as the proper pronunciation
of these two words in the phrases here cited, the
former of which, and the first word of the latter,
1

2
[Book I.
I find thus written in an excellent copy of the
Muglinee, with a fet-hah only instead of tenween,
though I find them written in copies of the Kur-un
and of the K with tenween, and for this reason
only I have written them therewith in the first
places above], this 1 being a substitute for the
light , which is originally the heavy &: and
among examples of the same is the saying of
El-Aaslıù,
·
وَلَا تَحْمَدِ المُتْرِينَ وَاللهَ فَأَحْمَدًا
·
[And praise not thou the opulent, but God do
thou praise], the poet meaning GG, but
pausing with an 1: (T:) and accord. to 'Ikrimcli
Edl-Dabhee, in the saying of Imra-cl-Keys,
قِفَا نَبْكِ مِنْ ذِكْرَى حَبِيبٍ وَمَنْزِلِ
·
[whint is mennt is, Do thou pause that we may
weep by rensou of the remembrance of an object
of love, and of a place of abode, for] the poct
Irans Sis, but substitutes 1 for the light ;
(TA ;) or, accord. to some, Us is in this case [a
dunl] addressed to the poet's two companions.
(EM p. 4.)- ◌ِألفُ العِوَض [The alif of exchange]
is that which is substituted for the tenween (T, Ķ)
of the accus. ense when one pauses upon it, (T,)
us in رَأيْتُ زَيْدًا (T,K [and so in the copy of the
Muglince mentioned above, but in the copies of
the T I fud زَيْدًا,]) and فَعَلْتُ خَيْرًا and the like.
(T.)-أَلِفُ التَّعَانِى [The alif of inability to ex-
أَلِفُ التّغَابِى press what one dexirex to my], (T) or
[the alif of feigning negligence or heedlessness],
(K,) [but the former is evidently, in my opinion,
the right appellation,] is that which is added when
one ys ◌َإِنَّ عُمَر, and then, being unable to finish
his saying, muses, saying إن عمرا, [in the CK
(je,] prolonging it, desiring to be helped to the
speech that should reveal itself to him, (T, K,)
und ut length saying full", meaning to say, if
،عُمَرٌ مُنْطَلِقٌ ,he were not unable to express it
إِنَّ غُنََّ
[Verily 'Omar is going away]. (T.) The lin a
ener of this kind is [ulso] suid to be ◌ِللتَّذَكُّر [for
the purpose of endeavouring to remember]; and
in like manner, ,, when one desires to say,
prolongs the sound ,زيد al, forgetting,يَقُومُ زَيْدٌ
يَقُومُو in endeavouring to remember, and says
(Mughnce in the sections on land ,.) It is also
added to a curtailed proper name of a person called
to, or lmiled, as in يا عمّا for ◌ُيَا عُمَر [which is un
cx. contrary to rule, as yes is masc. and consists
of only three letters]. (T.)أَلِفُ النَّدْبَةِ ــ [The alif
of Imueutation], as in وَا زَيْدَاه [Alns, Zeyd!].
(T, K,) i. e. the I after the > ; (T;) and one inay
may وا زيدًا, without the . of pausation. (Alfccych
أَلِفُ الإِسْتِنْكَارِ . (.272 .of Ihn-Milik, and I 'Ak p
الأَلِفُ لِلْإِنْكَارِ The alif of disapproval], (T,) or]
[which means the same], (Mughnec,) is similar to
that next proceding, as in أبو عمَرَاة / [What! Aboo-
Omur!] in reply to one who says, " Aboo-'Omar
enme ;" the . being added in this ense after the
letter of prolongation like as it is in tys 1, said
in lamentation. (T.) [The ex. given in the
Mughnec is oljes i, as said in reply to one who
says, " I met 'Amr;" and thus I find it written,
with i; ( ut this is a mistranscription of the inter-
only added to give fulness of sound to the vowel ;
for you say, الرَّجُلُوه [What! the mau? for
";i,] after one has said "The man stoodالرجُلُوهُ
and الرجلاه in the accus. casc; and الرجليه in the
gen. case. (Mughnee in the section on ,. [But
in my copy of that work, in these instances, the
incipient 1, which is an I of interrogation, is written
The alif that] الأَلِفُ المُنْقَلِبَةُ عَنْ يَاءِ الإِضْافَةِ ـــ([.آ
is converted from the affixed pronoun (s], as in
; يَا غُلَامِى Omy boy, advance thou,]for] يَا غُلَّامَا أَقْبِلْ
(TA in art. حرز;) [and ◌ِيَا عَجْبًا لِزَيْد (I'Ak
[زيا عَجَبِى لزيد p.271) O my wonder at Zeyd! for
,يَا وَيْلَتِى for يَا وَيْلَتَا and ,يَا أَبَّتِى for يَا أَبَتَّا and in
and يا بابا and يا بأباه for يَا بِأَبِى.(T and TA in
art. (.) [This is sometimes written s, but pre-
coded by a fet-lah.]- ◌ُالأَلِفُ المُحْوَّلَة [The trans-
وأَلِفُ المُحَوَّلَةِ nuted alif, in some copics of the K
which, as MF observes, is put for the former,] is
every I that is originally , or s (T, K) movent,
(T,) as in ◌َقَال [originally ◌َقَوّل], and ◌َبَاع [originally
قَضَى and ,[غَزَّوَ originally] غَزَّا T,K,) and) ,[بَيْعَ
[originally ◌َقَضَى}, and the like of these. (T.)-
-The alif of the dual, or rather, of duali] أَلِفُ التَّغْنِيّةِ
يَجْلِسان zation], (T, K,) in verbs, (TA,) as in
and ويَذْهَبَان (T, K,) and in nouns, (T,) as in
| T;) [i. e.] the) ; العَمْرَانِ T, K) and) الزَّيْدَانِ
which in verbs is a dual pronoun, as in W's and
and in nouns a sign of the dnal and an ,يَفْعَلَآنِ
- (.؟) . رجلان indication of the nom. case, as in
It is also indicative of the accus. case, as in EST,
The] أَلِفُ الجَمْعِ - (؟).[I saw his mouth] فَاهُ
alif of the plural, or of pluralization ], as in Jalo
and ◌ْجِبَال (T, K) and ◌ْفُرْسَان and ◌ُفَوَاعِل .(T.) -
,[The alif deuoting the fem. gender] أَلِفُ التَّأَنِيثِ
as in حُبْلَى (Mughnee, K) and سُكْرَى [in which
it is torimed مُقْصُورَة «hortcued], and the meddch
in ◌ٌحَمْوَاء (K) and ◌ًبَيْض and ◌ُنُفَسَاء [in which it is
أَلِفُ الإِلْحَاقِ - (.cngthened]. (TA/ مُهْدُودّة tcrincd
[The alif af adjunction, or quasi-coordination;
that which renders a word an adjunct to a par-
ticular class, i. c. quasi-coordinate to another
word, of which the radical letters are more in
wumher thau those of the former word, (see the
sentence next following,)], (Mughnce, TA,) as
in أوطا (Mughner) [or أرطى; and the meddch
in ◌ًعِلْبًا &c.] .... ◌ِأَلِفُ التَّكْثِير [The alif of mdtipli-
cation, i. c. that merely augments the number of
the letters of a word without mahing it cither
fem. or quasi-coordinate to another, unaugmented,
word], as in قَبَعْتَرَى (Mughnce, TA) [correctly
in which the I [here written 5] is not ,[قَبَعْثَرَى
((قبعثر .to denote the fem. gender, (S and K in art
because its fem. is 81,2,3, as Mbr. says; (S and
TA in that art .; ) nor to render it quasi-coordi-
nate to another word, (K and TA in that art.,)
as is said in the Lubab, because there is no noun
of six radical letters to which it can be made to be
rogative i, which see below.] In this case it is |RO; but accord. to Ibn-Malik, a word is some-
times made quasi-coordinate to one comprising
augmentative letters, as ◌َاِفْعَنْسَس is to ◌ْاِحْرَنْجَم .(TA
in that art.) = ◌ِأَلِفَاتُ الوَصْل [The alifs of conjune-
tion or connexion, or the conjunctive or connexive
alifs], (T, K,) which are in the beginnings of
nouns, (T,) [as well as in certain well-known
ابنم T, K) and) ابن cascs in verbs, ] occur in
أَمْرَأَةٌ and امْرُؤْ and اثْنَتَانِ and اثْنَانِ and ابنة and
and ML and EST, (T, K,) which have a kesrch
to the I when they commence a sentence, [or occur
alone, i. c., when immediately preceded by a
quiescence,] but it is elided when they are con-
nected with a preceding word, (T,) [by which term
" word" is included a particle consisting of a single
letter with its vowel,] and ايمن and ◌ُأيم [and
variations thercof, which have either a fet-hah or
u kesreh to the I when they commence a sentence,
or occur alone], (K,) and in the article Ji, the I
of' which has u fet-hah when it commences a sen-
tenec. (T.)أَلِفُ القَطْعِ =ـ [The alif of dixjunction,
or the disjunctive alif,] is in the beginnings of
sing. nouns and of pl. nouns : it may be known
by its permanence in the dim., and by its not
being a radical letter: thus it occurs in gel, of
which the dim. is ◌ُأَحَيْسِن :(I Amb, T:) in pls.
it occurs in ◌ْألْوَان and ◌ٌأَزْوَاج (I Amb, T, K) and
c.] :(I Amb, T:) [it also occurs in verbs&] الْسِنَةٌ
of the mensure ◌َأَفْعَل, as ◌ْأَكْرَم ; in which cascs it
is sometimes ◌ِللسَّلْب, i. c. privative, (like the
Greek alpha,) as in fasi " he did away with in-
justice," which is termed i,'s and L's, inf. ns.
of la.'s:] it is distinguished from the radical 1, as
shown above: (I Amb, T:) or it is sometimes
augmentative, as the interrogative i [to be men-
tioned below]; and sometimes radical, as in JE.l
and fi; and is thus distinguished from the con-
junetive 1, which is never other than augmentative.
The alif denoting] ألِفُ التَّفْضِيلِ وَالتَّعْصِيرِـ(.؟)
excess aud deficiency, i. c., denoting the compara-
قُلَانْ أَكْرَمُ tive and superlative degrecs], ns in
Als [ Such a one is more generous, or uoble, than
thou], (T, K,") and ◌َالأمر مِنْك [more ungenerous,
or ignoble, thun thou], (T,) and ◌ِأَجْهَلُ النَّاس [the
أَلِفُ العِبَارَةِ - ( *. quost iquorant of mew]. (T, K
[The alif of signification], (T, K,) as though,
('T,) or because, (TA,) significant of the speaker,
(T, TA,) also called alot's [the operative], as in
(,I beg forgirenexs of God], (T, K] أَنَا أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللهَ
أَلِفُّ الأَسْتِفْهَامِ. (.I do thur] . (T] أَنَّا أَفْعَلُ كَذَا and
[The alif of interrogation, or the interrogative
alif], (T, S, Msb in art. jen, Mughnce,) as in
Is Zeyd stauding ?], (Mughnce,) and] أزْبُدْ قَائِمْ
Is Zeyd with thee, or at thine] أَزَيُدْ عِنْدَلَكَ أَمْ عَمْرو
abode, or 'Amr?], (S,) and J'j sui [ Did Zeyd
stand?], said when the asker is in ignorance, and
to which the answer is y or 5; (Msb;) and in
a negative phrase, as Es Ji [ Did we not dilate,
or enlarge? in the Kur xeiv. 1]. (Muglince.)

3
Book I.]
When this is followed by another hemzch, an I is
interposed between the two hemzchs, [so that you
say ESili, also written EJli,] as in the saying
of Dhu-r-Rummch,
·
·
أَیَا ظَبْيَةَ الوَعْسَاء بَيْنَ جَلَاجِلٍ
وَبَيْنَ النَّقَا أَأَنْتِ أَمْ أُمُّ سَالِمِ
·
·
[O thou doe-gazelle of El-Waasd between Jelajil
and the oblony gibbous hill of sand, is it thou, or
Umm-Salim?]; (T, S;) but some do not this.
(T.) [It is often conjoined with 5!, as in the
Kur xii. 00, ◌ُأَثْتَّكَ لَأَنْتَ يُوسُف Art thou indced
Joseph ?] It is sometimes uscu to make a person
acknowledge, or confess, a thing, (T, Msb in
art. jos, Mughnec,) and to establish it, (Msb,) as
أَنْتَ قُلْتَ لِلنَّاسِ ,[116 .in the phrasc in the Kur [v
أَلْ نَشْرَحْ Didst thou smy to men?], (T,) and] اأَنْتَ or
[explained nbove], (Msb in art. jen,] and in
Didst thou beat] أَنْتَ ضَرَبْتَ or أَضَرَبْتَ زَيْدًا
"Zeyd ?], and ◌َأَزَبْدًا ضَرَبْت [Zeyal didst thou bent?].
(Mughnce.) And for reproving, (T, Mughince,)
أَصْطَفَى ,[153 .as in the phrase in the Kur [xxxvii
Huth He chosen daughters in ] الْبَنَاتِ عَلَى الْبَنِينَ
preference to sons ?], (T,) [but see the next sen-
أَتَعْبُدُونَ مَا [,93 tence, ] and [in the same ch., verse
52 5 [ Do ye worship what ye hew out?].
(Mughnec.) And to express a nullifying denial,
أَفَأَصْفَاكُمْ [,42 .as in [the words of the Kur xvii
HIath then] وَبَكُمْ بِالْبَنِينَ وَاتَّخَذَ مِنَ الْمَلائِكَةِ إِنَاثًا
your Lord preferred to give unto yon sons, and
gotten for himself, of the angels, daughters ?].
(Mughnee.) And to denote irony, us in [the Kur
xi. 89,] أَصَلَوَاتُكَ تَأْمُرُكَ أَنْ نَتْرُكَ مَا يَعْبُدُ آبَاؤُنَا [Do
thy prayers enjoin thee that we should leave what
our fathers worshipped ?]. (Mughucc.) And to
denote wonder, as in [the Kur xxv. 47,]
MInst thon not ronsidered] إِلَى رَبِّكَ كَيْفَ مَدَّ الظِّلَّ
the work of thy Lurd, han He hath extended the
shade ?]. (Muglince.) And to denote the deeming
a thing slow, or tardy, as in [the Kur Ivii., 15,]
Math not the time yet come] أَلَمْ يَأْنِ لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا
for those who hare beliered?]. (Mughnce.) And
to denote a command, as in [the Kur iii. 19,]
Allli, meaning 1,2dl [ Enter ye into the reli-
gion of El-Islam]. (Mughnce, and so Jel.) And
مَا أَبَالى and سواء to denote equality , occurring after
and مَا أُدْرِى and لَيْتَ شِعْرِى, and the like, as in
سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَسْتَغْفَرْتَ لَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ [,) .the Kur Ixiii]
's [It will be equal to them whether thou
beg forgiveness fur them or do not heg forgiveness
for them], aud in ◌َمَا أُبَالِى أَقُمْتَ أَمْ تَعَدْت [] care
not whether thou stand or sit]: and the general
rule is this, that it is the hemzeh advening to a
phrase, or proposition, of which the place inay be
supplied by the inf. n. of its verb; for one may
Bay, ◌ُسَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمُ الإِسْتِغْفَارُ وَعَدْمُه [Fiqual to them
will be the begging of forgiveness and the not doing
so], and ◌ِمَا أَبَالِى بِقِيَامِكَ وَعَدَمِه [I care not for
thy standing and thy not doing so]. (Mughnee.)
,[ The alif of calling, or rocative alif] ألفُ النِّدَاء -
اب -١
(T, S,. Mughnee," K,) as in Juji, meaning
[O Zeyd], (T, K,) and in jj Jjl [O Zeyd,
advance], ($,) used in calling him who is near,
(§, Muglinee,) to the exclusion of him who is
distant, because it is abbreviated. (S.) i, with medd,
is a particle used in calling to him who is distant,
(Mughnce, K,) as in ◌ْارَبُدُ أقبِل [Ho there, or sho,
or holla, Zeyd, adrunce]. (TA.) Az says, You
say to u man, in calling him, اقلان and ◌ُأَفُلَان and
-(.يا .and K in art ؟). أيّا TA) or) آيَا فُلَانُ
In a dial. of sonIc -. إلى sec: إِىْ وَاللّهِ for وإاللّهِ
of the Arabs, hemzch is used in a case of pausing
at the end of a verb, as in their saying to a
قولاً ,Say thou], amd to two men] قولي ,woman
[ Say ye two], and to a pl. number, 3,s [ Say ye];
but not when the verb is connected with a word
following it: and they say also y, with a heinzch,
[for y,] in a case of pausation. (T.) But Ahmad
Ibu-Yahya says, All inen say that when n heinzch
occurs at the end of a word, [i. c. in a case of
pausation,] and has a quiescent letter before it,
it is elided in the noin. and gen. cases, though
retained in the aceus. case [because followed by n
quiescent 1], except Ks alone, who retains it in
ull cases: when it occurs in the middle of a word,
all agree that it should not be dropped. (T.) AZ
[however] says that the people of El-Hijaz, and
Hudheyl, and the people of Mekkel and El-
Medrench, do not pronounce hemzeh [at all] : and
'Eesà Ibn-'Omar says, Temeein pronounce hem-
zeh, and the people of El-Ilijaz, in cuses of
necessity, [in poetry,] do so. (T.) __ Ks cites, [us
exhibiting two instances of a rare usage of li, or i,
in a case of pausing, in the place of a suppressed
word,]
، وَعَا فُلَانْ رَبَّهُ فَأَسْمَعَا * اَلْخَيْرُ خَيْرَانِ وَإِنْ شَرّفاً .
وَلَا أُرِيدُ الشَّرَّ إِلَّا أَنْ تَأَّ
[written without the syll. signs iu the MS. from
which I transcribe this citation, but the reading
seems to be plain, and the meaning, Such a one
supplicated his Lord, and made his words to be
heard, saying, Good is donhle good; uml if eril
be my lot, then evil; but I desire not evil unless
Thoa will that it should befall ine]: and he suys,
he means, ws gi yi; this being of the dial. of
Benoo-Snad, except that it is [with them] G, with
a soft ! [only]: also, in replying to a person who
says, " Wilt thon not come?" one says, G, incan-
ing & 3G [Then go thou with ux]: and in
like manner, by IG, in the saying above, is meant
3. (TA.) == Hemzeh also sometimes oceurs as
a verb; ol, i. e. ! with the o of pausation added,
being the imperative of st, as syn. with Jeg.
(Mughnce.) == [As a numeral, I denotes One.]
اب
1. ȘI, (T, S, M, &c.,) aor. ; , (M, K,) agrcc-
ubly with analogy in the case of an intrans. verb
of this class, ('TA,) and -, (AZ, T, S, M, Ķ,)
contr. to analogy, (TA,) inf. n. Di (T, S, M, Ķ)
and أَبِيب (M, K) and أَبَاب and ◌ٌ؟) أَبَابَة, M,K)
and #41; (M;) and Esi [written with the dis-
junetive alif 1]; (T, K ;) He prepared him-
self, (AZ, S, M, A, Ķ,) and equipped himself,
(AZ, S, A,) for (J) departing, or going away,
(AZ, Ş,) or for journeying : (M, A, Ķ:) or he
determined upon journeying, and prepared him-
self. (T.) El-Aashà says,
.
صَرَمْتُ وَلَمْ أَصْرِمْكُمُ وَكَصَارِمِ
.
أَخْ قَدْ طَوَى كَشْهٍَ وَأَبَّ بِيَذْهَبَا
.
(T, S, M, TA,) i. c. I cut [in effect, while I did
not really cut] you : for like one who cuts is (t
brother who has determined and prepared to go
away. (TA.) [Hence,] ◌َولَا عَبَابَ وَلَا أَيَاب [or
a prov. [which see explained in [,لا عَبَابٍ ولا أَبَابٍ
هُوَ فِى [,TA.) [And hence the saying) . [عب .art
M)) He) وإِبَابَتِهِ and ,أبَابَتِهِ M,K,) and,؟) ,أَبابه
is in his [state of, or he is engaged in his,] pre-
paration or equipment [for departing or journey-
ing]. (S, M, K.) The henizch in El is sometimes
changed into , ; and thus $5, inf. n. 25, signi-
ties He prepared himself to assault, or charge, in
bottle. (T, TA.) أَبَّتْ أَبَابَتُهُ ـ, and ◌ُإِبَابَتُه , Ilix
way, or course, uf acting, or conduct, or the lihe,
wus, or became, rightly directed, or ordered. (M,
K.)-( ◌ُقَصَدَ قَصْدَهُ. 4 .: أَبَّ أَبَّه , (Kg) which signi-
fies He tended, repaired, betook himself, or di-
rected his course, towards him, or it : (Şand Myb
in art. Les :) and also, he pursued his (nmother's)
course, doing as he (the lutter) did. (L in urt.
,M,K,) nor. : (IDidl) ,أَبَّ إِلَى وَطَنِهِ - (.وكد
M, Ķ) and , (Ķ,) inf. n. Și (AA, S, M, K)
and ◌ٌإِبَابَة and ◌ٌأَبَابَة (M, K) and ◌ْو أَبَاب (TA,) Ile
yearned for, longed for, or lunged to see, his home.
(AA, S, M, Ķ.)
8: sce 1, first signification.
10. LE He adopted him as a father; un
extr. form; (1Aar, M;) from Ji, a dial. vnr. of
استأب M.) And). اسْتَأَبَاهُ ,TA:) regularly): أَبُ
" and i ' He adopted a futher. (TA in
(.ابو .It:
.ابو .scc art : أَبْ
SI Herhaye, (M, K,) whether fresh or dry :
(M,* K," TA:) or pasture, or herhage which
hensts feed upon, (Fr, AHn, Zj, T, S, M, A,
Msh, K,) of whaterer hind, (AlIn, Zj,) [or]
not suwon by men: (Msb :) it is, to cattle and
other beasts, what fruit is to men : (Mujahid,
T, Msh:) or whatever grows upon the face of
the earth ; ('Ata, Th, T, M;) whaterer vegeta-
ble the earth produces : (K," TA :) and also,
green herbage, or plants: (K," TA:) and, as
somne say, strum, (Jel in lxxx. 31, and TA,) be-
cause cattle eat it: (TA :) or herbage prepared
fur pasture and for cutting : (TA :) accord. to
IF, (Msb,) dried fruits; because prepared for
winter (Bd) in lxxx. 31, und Myb) und for jour-
neying: (Mob :) pl. [of pauc.] ,1, originally
كُلَانْ رَاعَ لَهُ الحَبُّ ,I'Al p.367.) You say). أَبُبُ
meaning Such a one's seed-produre ,وَطَاعَ لَهُ الأَبُّ